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HYDROPROCESSING OF HEAVY OIL AND RESIDUA Jorge Ancheyta and James G. Speight TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface (J. Ancheyta and J.G. Speight) Chapter 1: Heavy Oils and Residua (Jorge Ancheyta and J.G. Speight) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Petroleum 3.0 Heavy Oil 4.0 Tar sand bitumen 5.0 Residua 6.0 References Chapter 2: Feedstock Evaluation and Composition (J.G. Speight) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Feedstock Evaluation 2.1 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis 2.2 Metals Content 2.3 Density and Specific Gravity 2.4 Viscosity 2.5 Carbon Residue 2.6 Specific Heat 2.7 Heat of Combustion 3.0 Chromatographic Methods 4.0 Molecular Weight 5.0 Physical (Bulk) Composition 5.1 Asphaltene Separation 5.2 Fractionation 6.0 References Chapter 3: Hydroprocessing Chemistry (J. Ancheyta and J. G. Speight) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Thermodynamic Aspects 3.0 Kinetics of Hydroprocessing 4.0 Hydrogenation 4.1 Hydrocracking 4.2 Hydrotreating 5.0 Molecular Chemistry 6.0 References Chapter 4: Thermodynamics of Hydroprocessing Reactions (Syed Ahmed Ali) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Theoretical Investigations 2.1 Group Contribution Methods 2.2 Thermodynamics of Aromatic Hydrogenation 2.3 Thermodynamics of Hydrodesulfurization 2.4 Thermodynamics of Hydrodenitrogenation 3.0 Experimental Investigations 3.1. Equipment and Procedures 3.2 Experimental Results and Discussion 4.0 Concluding Remarks Chapter 5: Reactors for Hydroprocessing (J. Ancheyta) Content 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Reactors Characteristics 2.1 Fixed-bed reactors 2.2 Moving-bed reactors 2.3 Ebullated-bed reactors 2.4 Slurry-phase reactors 3.0 Process Variables 3.1 Reactor temperature 3.2 Total pressure and hydrogen partial pressure 3.3 Hydrogen-to-oil ratio and recycle gas rate 3.4 Space-velocity and fresh feed rate 4.0 References Chapter 6: Characteristics of Heavy Oil Hydroprocessing Catalysts (Jorge Ramírez, Mohan S. Rana, J. Ancheyta) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Characteristics of Heavy Petroleum Feeds 3.0 The Catalyst 3.1. The Catalyst Support 3.2. Support Chemical Composition 3.3. Shape and Size of Catalyst Particles 3.4. Mechanical Properties 3.5. Catalyst Composition 4.0 Characterization of Catalysts 5.0 Catalyst Deactivation 6.0 Regeneration of Deactivated Catalysts 7.0 Heavy Oil Hydroprocessing Reactors and Processes 8.0 Catalyst Bed Plugging 9.0 Final Comments Chapter 7: Maya Heavy Crude Oil Hydroprocessing Catalysts (Mohan S. Rana, Samir K. Maity, J. Ancheyta) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Composition of Maya Heavy Crude Oil 3.0 Selection of Support and Catalyst for Maya Crude Hydroprocessing 3.1. Preparation of supports 3.2. Preparation of catalysts 3.3. Characterization of fresh catalysts 4.0 Catalytic Activities of Maya Heavy Crude Oil 4.1. Catalyst loading and pretreatment 4.2 Maya crude oil hydroprocessing feedstocks and analysis 4.3. Active sites and catalytic activity 4.4. Naphtha diluted feedstock 4.5. Diesel diluted feedstock 4.6. Pure Maya crude oil 5.0 Deactivation and Characterization of Spent Catalysts 5.1. Catalysts deactivation 5.2. Spent catalyst characterization 5.3. Stability of catalysts 5.4. Pore mouth plugging (semi-quantitative analysis of pore deactivation) 6.0 Concluding Remarks 7.0 References Chapter 8: Effect of feedstock composition on the performance of hydroconversion catalysts (Esteban López-Salinas and Jaime S nchez-Valente) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Asphaltenes 3.0 Solubility variations 4.0 Coke formation 5.0 Vanadium and Nickel 6.0 References Chapter 9: Hydroprocesses (Geoffrey E. Dolbear and Paul J. Robinson) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Process Options 2.1 Aphaltenic Bottom Cracking (ABC) Process 2.2 Aquaconversion 2.3 CANMET Hydrocracking Process 2.4 Chevron RDS Isomax And VRDS Process 2.5 Chevron Deasphalted Oil Hydrotreating Process 2.6 Gulf Resid Hydrodesulfurization Process 2.7 H-Oil Process 2.8 Hydrovisbreaking (HYCAR) Process 2.9 Hyvahl F Process 2.10 IFP Hydrocracking Process 2.11 Isocracking Process 2.12 LC Fining Process 2.13 Microcat-RC Process 2.14 Mild Hydrocracking Process 2.15 MRH Process 2.16 RCD Unibon (BOC) Process 2.17 Residfining Process 2.18 Residue Hydroconversion (RHC) Process 2.19 Shell Residual Oil Hydrodesulfurization 2.20 Unicracking/HDS Process 2.21 Veba Combi-Cracking (VCC) Process 3.0 Catalysts 4.0 References Chapter 10: Commercial Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Hydroprocessing Units: Similarities and Differences 2.0 Process Objectives 2.1 Clean fuels 2.2 The Process In-Between 3.0 Process Modeling 4.0 Hydroprocessing Catalysts 4.1 Catalyst preparation 4.2 Hydrotreating Catalysts 4.3 Hydrocracking Catalysts 4.4 Catalyst Cycle Life 5.0 Process Flow 5.1 Trickle-Bed Units 5.2 Slurry-Phase Hydrocracking 5.3 Ebullating Bed Units 6.0 Process Conditions 7.0 Yields and Product Properties 8.0 Overview of Economics 8.1 Costs 8.2 Benefits 8.3 Catalyst Cycle Life 9.0 Hydrocracker-FCC Comparison 10.0 Operational issues 11.0 Licensors 12.0 Conclusion 13.0 References Chapter 11: Hydrogen Production (Miguel A. Valenzuela and Beatriz Zapata) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Hydrogen Production 2.1 Hydrocarbon Gasification 2.2 Steam Reforming 2.3 Catalytic Partial Oxidation 2.4 Hydrocarbon Decomposition 2.5 Synthesis Gas Generation 3.0 References
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Petroleum -- Refining.
Hydrogenation.