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Contents Preface: Homo sapiens, the rational animalvii Chapter 1 Evolution, genetics, and systematics 1 1.1 The theory of evolution 1 1.2 Population and evolutionary genetics 9 1.3 The classification of living beings 34 Chapter 2 The evolution of hominoids 44 2.1 Hominoid taxonomy 44 2.2 Early Miocene hominoids 54 2.3 Middle Miocene: the migration of apes out of Africa 61 2.4 Late Miocene: the divergence of great apes 70 Chapter 3 The hominin lineage 81 3.1 The origin of hominins 81 3.2 Bipedal locomotion 92 Chapter 4 Miocene and Pliocene genera and species 106 4.1 The first hominins 106 4.2 Australopithecus 117 Chapter 5 Pliocene hominins: South Africa and the Rift Valley 135 5.1 South African sites 135 5.2 South African hominins of the Pliocene 145 5.3 The 'gracile' and 'robust' alternatives in East Africa 156 Chapter 6 The Pliocene cladogenesis: Paranthropus versus Homo 166 6.1 Evidence from Koobi Fora 166 6.2 Alternatives in the evolution of robust and gracile clades 181 Chapter 7 The radiation of Homo 194 7.1 Asian Homo erectus 194 7.2 The erectus grade in Africa 205 Chapter 8 Evolutionary characteristics of the erectus grade 216 8.1 Cultural patterns in the migration out of Africa 216 8.2 The earliest cultures 228 8.3 Homo in Europe 241 Chapter 9 The late-Pleistocene transition 253 9.1 Archaic Homo sapiens 253 9.2 Neanderthals 271 9.3 Molecular data 286 9.4 The origin of modern humans 297 Chapter 10 The uniqueness of being human 313 10.1 Culture and mental traits during the late Paleolithic 313 10.2 The origins of symbolism 325 10.3 The origin of language 338 10.4 The evolution of moral behavior 352 Glossary 366 References 376 Index 417
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Fossil hominids.
Paleoanthropology.
Human evolution.