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Porterfield & White: Endocrine Physiology, 3e Table of Contents 1 Introduction to the Endocrine System INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES CHEMICAL NATURE OF HORMONES Proteins/Peptides Catecholamines Steroid Hormones Thyroid Hormones Eicosanoids TRANSPORT OF HORMONES IN THE CIRCULATION CELLULAR RESPONSES TO HORMONES Signalling from Membrane Receptors Signalling from Intracellular Receptors HORMONAL RHYTHMS SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS APPENDIX: DIFFERENT MODES OF CHEMICAL SIGNALLING 2 The Endocrine Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ENTEROENDOCRINE HORMONE FAMILIES AND THEIR RECEPTORS THE REGULATION OF GASTRIC FUNCTION Overview of Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility Gastrin and the Stimulation of Gastric Function Inhibition of Gastric Function ENTEROENDOCRINE REGULATION OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS AND GALL BLADDER Secretin Cholecystokinin Motilin and Stimulation of Gastric and Small Intestinal Contractions During the Interdigestive Period THE INSULINOTROPIC ACTIONS OF GI PEPTIDES (INCRETIN ACTION) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide/Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Glucagon-like Peptide-1 THE ENTEROENDOCRINE ACTIONS OF GI HORMONES Gastrin Secretin and CCK GLP-1 SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS 3 Energy Metabolism INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES OVERVIEW OF ENERGY METABOLISM Cells Need to Make ATP to Function and Stay Viable Making ATP Storage Forms of Energy Partial Digestion of VLDL Generates Cholesterol-Rich Low Density Lipoprotein Release of TGs in Adipose Cells Protein Gluconeogenesis ¿ Making Glucose from Glycerol, Lactate and Amino Acids Summary of Key Metabolic Pathways KEY HORMONES INVOLVED IN METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS The Endocrine Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine and Norepinephrine METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS ¿ THE INTEGRATED OUTCOME OF HORMONAL AND SUBSTRATE/PRODUCT REGULATION OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS The Fasting-to-Fed State Transition Involves Anabolic Pathways that Store Energy Release of Energy During the Interdigestive Period or an Extended Fast DIABETES MELLITUS Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Long-Term Sequelae of Diabetes Mellitus Problems Associated with Diabetes Management EMERGING CONCEPTS IN ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS: ADIPOSE TISSUE AS AN ENDOCRINE ORGAN Leptin Adiponectin Tumor Necrosis Factor-? (TNF-?) SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS 4 Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATES ARE IMPORTANT DIETARY ELEMENTS THAT PLAY MANY CRUCIAL ROLES IN CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE: PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) AND 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D Parathyroid Hormone The Parathyroid Glands Vitamin D THE SMALL INTESTINE, BONE, AND KIDNEY DETERMINE CA2+ AND PI LEVELS Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by the Small Intestine Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by Bone The Histophysiology of Adult Bone Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by the Kidneys Integrated Physiological Regulation of Ca2+/Pi Metabolism: Response of PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to a Hypocalcemic Challenge Pharmacological Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Calcitonin Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Regulators Overexpressed by Cancers Regulation of CA2+/Pi Metabolism by Immune/Inflammatory Cells Regulation of CA2+/Pi Metabolism by Gonadal and Adrenal Steroid Hormones PATHOLOGIC DISORDERS OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE BALANCE Hyperparathyroidism (Primary) Pseudohypoparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Vitamin D Deficiency Paget¿s Disease Bone Problems of Renal Failure (Renal Osteodystrophy) SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS 5 The Hypothalamus-pituitary Complex INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS Synthesis of ADH (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS The Endocrine Axes The Endocrine Function of the Adenohypophysis The Corticotrope The Thyrotrope The Gonadotrope The Somatotrope Direct Versus Indirect Actions of GH Role of Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor, and Insulin in Starvation Pathologic Conditions Involving Growth Hormone The Lactotrope Pathologic Conditions Involving Prolactin Hypopituitarism Growth SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS 6 The Thyroid Gland OBJECTIVES ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE THYROID THYROID HORMONES Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones Thyroid Hormone Secretion Compounds Altering Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Thyroid Hormone Transport Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones CONTROL OF THYROID FUNCTION Control Mechanisms Perturbations of Control System MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION Thyroid Hormone Receptors Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor ACTIONS OF THYROID HORMONES Maturational and Differentational Effects Neurologic Effects Effects on Growth Metabolic Actions Actions Mimicking Sympathetic Nervous System Activity Actions on Skeletal Muscle Actions on Cardiovascular System PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS INVOLVING THE THYROID Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Thyroiditis SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS APPENDIX: LABORATORY DATA ON THYROID FUNCTION 7 The Adrenal Gland INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ANATOMY ADRENAL MEDULLA Synthesis of Epinephrine Mechanism of Action of Catecholamines Physiological Actions of Adrenomedullary Chatecholamines Metabolism of Catecholamines Pathologic Conditions Involving the Adrenal Medulla ADRENAL CORTEX ZONA FASCICULATA The Zona Fasciculata Makes Cortisol Transport and Metabolism of Cortisol Mechanism of Action of Cortisol Physiological Actions of Cortisol Regulation of Cortisol Production ZONA RETICULARIS The Zona Reticularis Makes Adrenal Androgens Metabolism and Fate DHEAS and DHEA Physiological Actions of Adrenal Androgens Regulation of Zona Reticularis Function ZONA GLOMERULOSA The Zona Glomerulosa Makes Aldosterone Transport and Metabolism of Aldosterone Mechanism of Aldosterone Action Physiological Actions of Aldosterone Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS INVOLVING THE ADRENAL CORTEX Adrenocortical Insufficiency Adrenocortical Excess SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS 8 The Male Reproductive System INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES HISTOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE TESTIS The Intratubular Compartment The Peritubular Compartment FATES AND ACTIONS OF ANDROGENS Intratesticular Androgen Peripheral Conversion to Estrogen Peripheral Conversion to DHT Peripheral Testosterone Actions Mechanism of Androgen Action Transport and Metabolism of Androgens HYTOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-TESTIS AXIS Regulation of Leydig Cell Function Regulation of Sertoli Cell Function THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Puberty and Senescence Disorders Involving the Male Reproductive System SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS 9 The Female Reproductive System INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE OVARY GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF THE OVARIAN FOLLICLE Resting Primordial Follicle Growing Preantral Follicles Growing Antral Follicles Dominant Follicle The Dominant Follicle During the Periovulatory Period The Corpus Luteum Follicular Atresia Follicular Development with Respect to the Monthly Menstrual Cycle REGULATION OF LATE FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT, OVULATION AND LUTEINIZATION: THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT The Oviduct The Uterus The Cervix The Vagina The External Genitalia BIOLOGY OF ESTRADIOL 17? AND PROGESTERONE Mechanisms of Estrogen and Progesterone Hormone Action Biological Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone Transport and Metabolism of Ovarian Steroids THE ONTOGENY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Development of the Female Reproductive Tract Puberty Menopause OVARIAN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Turner¿s Syndrome (Gonadal Dysgenesis) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS 10 Fertilization and Pregnancy INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES FERTILIZATION, EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS, IMPLANTATION & PLACENTATION Synchronization with Maternal Ovation and Reproductive Tract Function Fertilization Early Embryogenesis and Implantation Structure of Mature Placental THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE PLACENTA Human Chorionic Conadotropin Progesterone Estrogen Human Placental Lactogen Other Placental Hormones PLACENTAL TRANSPORT THE FETAL ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas Parathyroid Gland Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Testes and Ovaries MATERNAL ENDOCRINE CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY Cardiovascular Changes Respiratory Changes Renal Changes Gastrointestinal Changes Diabetogenicity of Pregnancy PARTURITION Placental CRH and the Fetal Adrenal Axis Estrogen and Progesterone Secretion Oxytocin Prostaglandins Uterine Size MAMMOGENESIS AND LACTATION Structure of the Mammary Gland Hormonal Regulation of Mammary Gland Development CONTRACEPTION Behavioral and Mechanical Oral Contraceptives Hormonal Treatment for Emergency Contraception and Abortion IN VITRO FERTILIZATION SUMMARY KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Endocrine glands -- Physiology.
Endocrine Glands -- physiology.