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Table of Contents Preface xix Acknowledgements xx About the Authors xxii Chapter 1: Landscape Design Tools of the Trade Objectives 1 Key Terms 1 Introduction 1 Getting started: Drawing Table or Board, T-square, Paper Types, and Tape 2 Drawing Surface and T-Square 2 Drawing Papers 3 Drafting Tape 5 Drawing and Erasing: Pencils, Pens and Markers, Erasers, Dusting Brush 5 Drawing Leads 6 Millimeter or Mechanical Pencils 7 Colored Pencils 7 Pens and Markers 8 Erasers 10 Dusting Brush 11 Measuring: Scales and Rolling Ruler 13 Architect?s Scale 14 Engineer?s Scale 15 Rolling Ruler 17 Angles and Curves: Triangles, Protractor, Compass, and Curves 17 Triangles 17 Protractor 18 Compass 18 Irregular Curves 19 Time Savers: Lettering Guide and Templates 20 Lettering Guide 20 Templates 21 Digital and Computer-aided Design and Drafting 22 Types of Computer-aided Design Tools 23 Making the Purchase 28 Summary 28 Knowledge Application 29 References 30 Online Resources 30 Chapter 2: Landscape Graphics Objectives 32 Key Terms 32 Introduction 32 Importance of Graphics 33 Choosing Between Drafted and Freehand Graphics 35 Graphics?Black-and-White Mechanics 37 Line and Dot Quality 39 Line Weight Hierarchy and Contrast 41 Value Contrast 42 Texture 44 Graphic Symbols and Definitions 46 Plan View Graphics 47 Additional Graphic Methods 51 Analysis and Concept Graphics 58 Color Basics 58 Common Media 59 Principles for Using Color Effectively 61 Applications 63 Freehand Drawing and Sketching 64 The Right Frame of Mind for Accurate Sketching 64 Drafting 65 Lettering 65 Criteria for All Lettering Styles 67 Sheet Mechanics and Layout 68 General Layout 68 Title Block 69 North Arrow and Drawing Scale 70 Additional Information and Formatting 70 Graphics Applications for Specific Drawing Types 71 Base Map 71 Site Inventory and Analysis 72 Functional Diagram 73 Preliminary Design 74 Final Design 74 Computer and CAD Graphics 76 Benefits of Computer-Aided Design 76 Computer Graphics Trade-offs 77 CAD Graphics Summary 79 Other Graphics Applications and Considerations 81 Summary 81 Knowledge Application 81 Literature Cited 83 References 83 Chapter 3: Defining Landscape Design and the Foundations that Shape the Design Process Objectives 86 Key Terms 86 Introduction 86 A Landscape Design Definition 87 Aesthetic and Functional Components of Design 87 Additional Components that Define Landscape Design 88 Common Misconceptions about Landscape Design 90 Misconception: Landscape Design Is a Product 90 Misconception: Good Designers Don?t Have to Think about Design 91 Misconception: Design is a Rare Talent 92 Misconception: Good Designers Have an Obvious Signature Style 93 Misconception: Good Designers Work Best Alone 93 Misconception: Quality Design is Unique 93 Misconception: Good Designers Don?t Need to Follow the Basic Aesthetic Design Principles 94 Design as a Process 95 Accept Situation 96 Analyze 97 Define Desired Outcomes 97 Generate Ideas 97 Select 98 Implement 98 Evaluate 99 Relationships of People and the Outdoor Environment 103 Landscape Preference 104 Restorative Value of Landscapes 107 Summary 109 Knowledge Application 110 Literature Cited 110 References 112 Chapter 4: The Principles of Design: Description and Application Objectives 113 Key Terms 113 Introduction 113 How We Learn to Design 115 Awareness 115 Perception 115 Imagination 116 Expression 116 Elements of Art 117 Line 117 Form 118 Color 118 Texture 121 Space 122 Landscape Design Principles 123 Overarching Design Principles 124 Simplicity 124 Blending Form and Function 126 Reflecting Local Elements of Architecture, History, Nature, and Sense of Place 126 Aesthetic Landscape Design Principles 130 Order or Design Framework 131 Repetition 132 Rhythm 133 Unity 135 Balance 136 Proportion and Scale 137 Emphasis 140 Aesthetic Principles Applied 141 Visually Connect Structures to the Landscape 141 Define Space: Mass and Void 142 Direct People Physically and Visually 142 Designing Outdoor Living Spaces to Meet the Physical, Cognitive, and Restorative Needs of People 143 Functional Design Principles 143 Working with the Existing Topography 144 Creating a Useful Outdoor Living Space 146 Accounting for Maintenance 147 Addressing Irrigation Needs 148 Incorporating Sustainability 149 Providing Wildlife Habitat 151 Summary 151 Knowledge Application 152 Literature Cited 152 References 153 Chapter 5: Landscape Design Process Objectives 154 Key Terms 154 Introduction 154 The Landscape Design Process 155 Design Process Case Study 156 Client?Designer Communications and the Sales Process 156 Making Initial Contact with the Client 157 Design Planning Questionnaire 157 Meeting with the Client for the First Time 159 The Budget Question 165 Case Study: Client Feedback 167 Site Documentation 168 Photos and Video 169 Developing a Base Map 169 Case Study: Base Map Information 180 Site Inventory and Analysis 181 Capitalizing on the Homeowner as a Resource 181 Two Distinct Steps: Inventory and Analysis 181 Documenting the Information 183 Combining Site Inventory and Analysis with Sustainable Design 195 Summary: Site Inventory and Analysis 196 Case Study: Site Inventory and Analysis 196 Developing a Design Concept and Design Program 197 Design Concept 197 Design Program 199 Case Study: Design Concept and a Design Program 200 Functional Diagrams 201 Functional Diagram Elements and Information 202 Developing a Functional Diagram 203 Summary: Functional Diagrams 207 Case Study: Functional Diagrams 207 Preliminary Design 208 Purpose and Characteristics 208 Graphic Style and Content 216 Case Study: Selecting a Design Theme 217 Summary and Design Process Flexibility 217 Case Study: Preliminary Design 218 Final Design Package 218 Final Design Checklist 219 Final Design or Master Plan 220 Elevation Drawings, Construction Details, and other Graphics 221 Case Study: Final Design 222 Summary 222 How Four Design Professionals would Approach a New Landscape and a Landscape Renovation 223 Scenario #1?New Homeowners in a New Subdivision 223 Scenario #2?Renovating an Existing Landscape 229 Design Planning Questionnaire 236 Knowledge Application 240 Literature Cited 240 Online Resources 241 Chapter 6: Plant Selection: Blending Form and Function Objectives 243 Key Terms 243 Introduction 243 Site Analysis and Plant Selection 244 Environmental Consideration 245 Plant Hardiness Zone 245 Heat Zone 247 Frost Occurrence 247 Seasonal Rainfall 248 Soil Characteristics 249 Sun Exposure 252 Microclimate 253 Aesthetic Qualities 253 Plant Types 254 Plant Lifecycles 255 Four-Season Plants 256 Form 257 Texture 260 Color 263 Flowering and Fruiting Habit 266 Mature Size 268 Maintenance Requirements 269 Woody Plants 270 Herbaceous Plants 271 Functional Uses in the Landscape 272 Defining Spaces 273 Views 274 Utility Purposes 275 Aesthetic Purposes 277 Conceptual Plant Communities 279 Trying to Replicate Nature 280 The Urban Growing Environment 281 Soil 281 Light Patterns 283 Humans 283 Native Plants vs. Nonnative Plants 284 Summary 285 Knowledge Application 286 Literature Cited 287 References 287 Chapter 7: Hardscapes: Selection and Use Objectives 289 Key Terms 289 Introduction 289 Hardscapes in the Ground Plane 290 Patios 290 Decks 291 Walkways 292 Driveways 293 Steps 294 Hardscapes in the Vertical Plane 310 Fences 310 Walls 311 Hardscapes in the Overhead Plane 319 Pergolas and Arbors 319 Gazebos 321 Landscape Lighting 322 What Lighting Adds to a Landscape 322 Garden Features and Embellishments 326 Water Features 326 Fire Pits and Outdoor Fireplaces 331 Garden Embellishments 331 Summary 336 Knowledge Application 336 References 337 Chapter 8: Pricing the Proposed Design Objectives 341 Key Terms 341 Introduction 341 Charging for Your Expertise 342 Proceeding after a Successful First Meeting 343 Pricing the Design Only 343 Developing a Contract for Design Services 345 A Final Meeting with the Client 348 Landscape Contracting Terminology 349 Differentiating between Cost and Price 350 Differentiating between Estimate, Bid, Proposal, and Contract 351 The Design/Build Business 355 Designers can Benefit from Collaborating with Installation Professionals 355 Pricing for Design and Installation Services 356 Design Services 356 Materials Costs 357 Labor Costs 357 Overhead 359 Contingency 360 Profit 363 Developing a Bid 364 Managing Change 364 The Country Landscapes Business Model 366 The Process 367 What the Client Sees 368 Comparing Estimated to Actual Costs 369 Using Experience to Develop Estimates 369 Computer Software for Estimating and Bidding 370 EasyEst Estimating Software 371 Manual Measuring and Calculating for Estimating 372 Accuracy is Essential 374 Summary 375 Knowledge Application 375 Literature Cited 376 References 377 Appendix Case Study Landscape Design Scenarios Case Study #1?Old Neighborhood Residence A-1 Base Map and Site Photos A-1 Owner Wish-list and Feedback A-2 Site Inventory and Analysis A-4 Case Study #2?Acreage Residence A-5 Base Map and Site Photos A-6 Owner Wish-list and Feedback A-7 Site Inventory and Analysis A-8 Case Study #3?Suburban Neighborhood Residence A-9 Base Map and Site Photos A-9 Owner Wish-list and Feedback A-10 Site Inventory and Analysis A-12 Case Study #4?Large Lot Residence A-14 Base Map and Site Photos A-15 Owner Wish-list and Feedback A-15 Site Inventory and Analysis A-17
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Landscape design.