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(b)Table of Contents Introduction 1 What Is Linux? 2 What Is Ubuntu? 3 Roots of Ubuntu 3 Licensing 4 Why Use Linux? 4 Who This Book Is For 6 What This Book Contains 6 Conventions Used in This Book 8 Part I Installation and Configuration 11 1 Introducing Ubuntu 13 What Is Ubuntu? 15 Inside Ubuntu 15 Features of the Ubuntu Install 17 Ubuntu File System Features 18 Ubuntu for Business 19 Ubuntu in Your Home 20 64-Bit Ubuntu 21 Ubuntu on the PPC Platform 21 Ubuntu on Dual-Core Machines 22 Getting the Most from Ubuntu and Linux Documentation 22 Ubuntu Developers and Documentation 24 Reference 24 2 Preparing to Install Ubuntu 25 Planning Your Ubuntu Deployment 26 Business Considerations 26 System Considerations 27 User Considerations 28 A Predeployment Planning Checklist 29 Planning the Installation 30 Hardware Requirements 30 Meeting the Minimum Ubuntu Hardware Requirements 31 Using Legacy Hardware 31 Planning for Hard Drive Storage for Your Ubuntu Installation Class 32 Checking Hardware Compatibility 33 Preparing for Potential Hardware Problems 34 Preparing and Using a Hardware Inventory 37 Preparing for the Install Process 40 Preparing to Install from a CD-ROM 41 Partitioning Before and During Installation 42 Choosing a Partitioning Scheme 43 Hosting Parts of the Linux File System on Separate Partitions 44 Using Ubuntu?s kickstart Installation Method 45 Reference 48 3 Installing Ubuntu 51 Before You Begin the Installation 51 Research Your Hardware Specifications 52 Installation Options 52 Planning Partition Strategies 52 The Boot Loader 53 Installing from CD or DVD 53 Step-by-Step Installation 54 Starting the Install 54 First Update 62 Shutting Down 63 Reference 64 4 Post-Installation Configuration 65 Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems 66 The sudo command 67 First Update 67 Configuring Software Repositories 70 Installing Graphics Drivers 71 Changing Ubuntu?s Look and Feel 72 Changing the Desktop Background 73 Changing Colors 73 Modifying System Fonts 74 Preferred Behaviors 75 Preferred Applications 75 Removable Drives and Media 76 Input Devices 77 Keyboard Shortcuts 77 Keyboard Layout 77 Mouse 79 Detecting and Configuring a Modem 79 Configuring a Serial-Port Modem 79 Configuring WinModems for Laptops 80 Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu 81 Resetting the Date and Time 81 Using the date Command 82 Using the hwclock Command 82 Changing the Time and Date 83 Managing PCMCIA 83 Using PCMCIA 84 Controlling PCMCIA Service 85 Configuring and Using CD, DVD, and CD-RW Drives 86 Checking Drive Assignment 86 Configuring Wireless Networks 87 Configuring Firestarter 89 Reference 89 5 First Steps with Ubuntu 91 Working with the Linux File System 92 Viewing the Linux File System 93 Use Essential Commands from the /bin and /sbin Directories 96 Store the Booted Kernel and View Stored Devices in the /boot and /dev Directories 96 Use and Edit Files in the /etc Directory 97 Protect the Contents of User Directories?/home 97 Use the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact with the Kernel 98 Work with Shared Data in the /usr Directory 99 Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory 100 Access Variable Data Files in the /var Directory 100 Logging In to and Working with Linux 100 Text-based Console Login 101 Working with Virtual Consoles 101 Using Simple Keyboard and Mouse Techniques in a Linux Console Session 102 Logging Out 103 Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer 103 Changing Your User Information 105 Reading Documentation 107 Using man Pages 107 Finding and Reading Software Packages Documentation 108 Using the Shell 109 Using Environment Variables 110 Navigating and Searching with the Shell 113 Managing Files with the Shell 114 Compressing and Decompressing Files Through the Shell 115 Using the Text Editors 116 Working with vi 117 Working with emacs 118 Working with Permissions 120 Assigning Permissions 121 Directory Permissions 122 Understanding Set User ID and Set Group ID Permissions 124 Working As Root 125 Creating Users 126 Deleting Users 127 Shutting Down the System 128 Rebooting the System 129 Reference 130 6 The X Window System 131 Basic X Concepts 132 Using X11R7 133 Elements of the xorg.conf File 134 Configuring X 139 Starting X 140 Using a Display Manager 141 Starting X from the Console by Using startx 143 Selecting and Using Window Managers 144 The GNOME and KDE Desktop Environments 145 GNOME: The GNU Network Object Model Environment 145 KDE: The K Desktop Environment 146 Xfce: The Lightweight Alternative 148 Reference 148 7 Managing Software 149 Using Add/Remove Applications for Software Management 149 Using Synaptic for Software Management 150 Staying Up-to-Date 152 Working on the Command Line 153 Day-to-Day Usage 154 Finding Software 157 Compiling Software from Source 158 Reference 159 8 On the Internet: Surfing the Web, Writing Email, and Reading the News 161 Choosing a Web Browser 161 Mozilla Firefox 162 The Mozilla Suite 163 Epiphany 163 Konqueror 163 Choosing an Email Client 165 Evolution 166 Mozilla Thunderbird 169 Balsa 170 KMail 170 Mozilla Mail 172 The mail Application 172 mutt 175 Other Mail Clients 176 An Overview of Network News 177 Newsgroups 177 Selecting a Newsreader 178 The slrn News Client 178 The Pan News Client 179 The Mozilla News Client 181 The Thunderbird News Client 182 Internet Relay Chat 183 Internet Messaging with GAIM 185 Videoconferencing with Ekiga 185 Reference 187 9 Productivity Applications 189 Office Suites for Ubuntu 190 Working with OpenOffice.org 191 Working with OpenOffice.org Writer 194 Working with OpenOffice.org Calc 197 Working with GNOME Office 201 Working with KOffice 206 Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows 209 Reference 210 10 Multimedia Applications 211 Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu 212 Creating CDs from the Command Line 213 Creating DVDs from the Command Line 215 Creating CDs and DVDs with Ubuntu?s Graphical Clients 217 Sound and Music 221 Sound Cards 222 Recording Sound 222 Sound Formats 222 Ripping Music 224 Music Players 225 Streaming Audio 228 Viewing TV and Video 228 TV and Video Hardware 228 Video Formats 231 Viewing Video in Linux 231 Viewing Television with Linux 232 Personal Video Recorders 233 DVD and Video Players 233 Reference 235 11 Graphics Manipulation 237 The GNU Image Manipulation Program 237 Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu 239 Webcams 240 Handheld Digital Cameras 240 Using F-Spot 242 Using Scanners in Ubuntu 244 Working with Graphics Formats 245 Capturing Screen Images 248 Reference 249 12 Printing with Ubuntu 251 Overview of Ubuntu Printing 251 Configuring and Managing Print Services 253 GUI-Based Printer Configuration Quickstart 254 Managing Printing Services 255 Creating and Configuring Local Printers 256 Creating the Print Queue 257 Editing Printer Settings 259 Reference 261 13 Games 263 Linux Gaming 263 Installing Proprietary Video Drivers 264 Installing DOOM 3 266 Installing Unreal Tournament 2004 267 Installing Quake 4 268 Installing Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory 268 Installing Battle for Wesnoth 270 Playing Windows Games with Cedega 270 Reference 271 Part II System Administration 273 14 Managing Users 275 User Accounts 275 User IDs and Group IDs 277 File Permissions 277 Managing Groups 278 Group Management Tools 280 Managing Users 282 User Management Tools 282 Adding New Users 284 Monitoring User Activity on the System 285 Managing Passwords 286 System Password Policy 286 The Password File 286 Shadow Passwords 288 Managing Password Security for Users 290 Changing Passwords in a Batch 291 Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users 291 Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command 291 Granting Root Privileges on Occasion?The sudo Command 293 Control via Restricted Shells 295 The User Login Process 296 Disk Quotas 298 Implementing Quotas 298 Manually Configuring Quotas 299 Reference 300 15 Automating Tasks 301 Running Services at Bootup 302 Beginning the Boot Loading Process 302 Loading the Linux Kernel 303 System Services and Runlevels 304 Runlevel Definitions 304 Booting into the Default Runlevel 305 Booting to a Non-Default Runlevel with GRUB 306 Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization 307 Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools 308 Changing Runlevels 308 Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems 309 Starting and Stopping Services Manually 310 Scheduling Tasks 311 Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later 311 Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly 313 Basic Shell Control 316 The Shell Command Line 316 Shell Pattern-Matching Support 318 Redirecting Input and Output 319 Piping Data 320 Background Processing 320 Writing and Executing a Shell Script 321 Running the New Shell Program 322 Storing Shell Scripts for Systemwide Access 323 Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells 324 Using Variables in Shell Scripts 325 Assigning a Value to a Variable 325 Accessing Variable Values 326 Positional Parameters 326 A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter 327 Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve Variables from the Command Line 327 Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks 328 Built-in Variables 330 Special Characters 331 Use Double Quotes to Resolve Variables in Strings with Embedded Spaces 332 Using Single Quotes to Maintain Unexpanded Variables 332 Using the Backslash As an Escape Character 333 Using the Backtick to Replace a String with Output 334 Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash 334 Comparing Expressions with tcsh 339 The for Statement 343 The while Statement 345 The until Statement 347 The repeat Statement (tcsh) 348 The select Statement (pdksh) 348 The shift Statement 348 The if Statement 349 The case Statement 350 The break and exit Statements 352 Using Functions in Shell Scripts 352 Reference 354 16 System Resources 357 System-Monitoring Tools 357 Console-Based Monitoring 357 Using the kill Command to Control Processes 359 Using Priority Scheduling and Control 360 Displaying Free and Used Memory with free 362 Disk Quotas 363 Graphical Process and System Management Tools 363 KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools 365 Reference 367 17 Backing Up, Restoring, and Recovery 369 Choosing a Backup Strategy 369 Why Data Loss Occurs 370 Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources 371 Evaluating Backup Strategies 373 Making the Choice 376 Choosing Backup Hardware and Media 376 Removable Storage Media 376 Network Storage 378 Tape Drive Backup 378 Using Backup Software 379 tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool 379 The GNOME File Roller 381 The KDE Archiving Tools (KDE ark and kdat) 382 Using the dd Command for Archiving 383 Using the Amanda Backup Application 384 Alternative Backup Software 385 Copying Files 386 Copying Files Using tar 386 Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams 387 Copying Files Using cp 387 Copying Files Using mc 388 Copying Files Using scp 389 Copying Files Using rsync 390 Undeleting Files 392 Reformatting with the -S Option When Experiencing Unrecoverable File System Errors 392 Undeleting Files Using mc 393 System Rescue 394 The Ubuntu Rescue Disc 394 Backing Up and Restoring the Master Boot Record 394 Booting the System from a Generic Boot Floppy 395 Using a GRUB Boot Floppy 395 Using the Recovery Facility 396 Reference 397 18 Network Connectivity 399 Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface 399 Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface 400 Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually 400 Networking with TCP/IP 401 TCP/IP Addressing 402 Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu 404 Ports 405 Network Organization 406 Subnetting 406 Subnet Masks 406 Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing 407 Hardware Devices for Networking 407 Network Interface Cards 408 Network Cable 410 Hubs and Switches 411 Routers and Bridges 412 Initializing New Network Hardware 412 Using Network Configuration Tools 415 Command-Line Network Interface Configuration 415 Network Configuration Files 419 Using Graphical Configuration Tools 422 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 424 How DHCP Works 424 Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time 425 DHCP Software Installation and Configuration 426 Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts 427 Other Uses for DHCP 429 Wireless Networking 429 Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu 430 Advantages of Wireless Networking 431 Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols 431 Beyond the Network and onto the Internet 432 Common Configuration Information 433 Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access 435 Understanding Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 435 Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually 436 Configuring Dial-Up Internet Access 437 Configuring a Dial-Up Connection Manually 438 Troubleshooting Connection Problems 440 Using Patches/Upgrades to Keep Your Network Secure 441 Reference 441 General 442 DHCP 442 Wireless 442 Books 442 19 Remote Access with SSH and Telnet 443 Setting Up a Telnet Server 443 Telnet Versus SSH 444 Setting Up an SSH Server 444 The SSH Tools 445 Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines 445 Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines 446 Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-based Logins 447 Remote X 448 XDMCP 449 VNC 449 Reference 450 Part III Ubuntu as a Server 451 20 Apache Web Server Management 453 About the Apache Web Server 453 Installing the Apache Server 455 Installing with APT 455 Building the Source Yourself 457 Starting and Stopping Apache 459 Starting the Apache Server Manually 459 Using /etc/init.d/apache2 460 Runtime Server Configuration Settings 462 Runtime Configuration Directives 462 Editing httpd.conf 463 Apache Multiprocessing Modules 465 Using .htaccess Configuration Files 466 File System Authentication and Access Control 468 Restricting Access with allow and deny 468 Authentication 469 Final Words on Access Control 472 Apache Modules 472 mod_access 473 mod_alias 473 mod_asis 473 mod_auth 474 mod_auth_anon 474 mod_auth_dbm 474 mod_auth_digest 474 mod_autoindex 475 mod_cgi 475 mod_dir and mod_env 475 mod_expires 475 mod_headers 475 mod_include 476 mod_info and mod_log_config 476 mod_mime and mod_mime_magic 476 mod_negotiation 476 mod_proxy 476 mod_rewrite 476 mod_setenvif 477 mod_speling 477 mod_status 477 mod_ssl 477 mod_unique_id 477 mod_userdir 477 mod_usertrack 478 mod_vhost_alias 478 Virtual Hosting 478 Address-Based Virtual Hosts 478 Name-Based Virtual Hosts 479 Logging 480 Dynamic Content 482 CGI 482 SSI 483 Basic SSI Directives 484 Flow Control 488 Other Web Servers for Use with Ubuntu 488 Sun ONE Web Server 489 Zope 489 Zeus Web Server 489 Reference 490 21 Administering Database Services 491 A Brief Review of Database Basics 492 How Relational Databases Work 493 Understanding SQL Basics 495 Creating Tables 495 Inserting Data into Tables 497 Retrieving Data from a Database 498 Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL 500 Speed 500 Data Locking 500 ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity 501 SQL Subqueries 502 Procedural Languages and Triggers 502 Configuring MySQL 502 Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User 503 Creating a Database in MySQL 504 Granting and Revoking Privileges in MySQL 504 Configuring PostgreSQL 506 Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL 506 Creating a Database in PostgreSQL 508 Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL 508 Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL 509 Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL 510 Database Clients 510 SSH Access to a Database 511 Local GUI Client Access to a Database 512 Web Access to a Database 513 The MySQL Command-Line Client 514 The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client 515 Graphical Clients 516 Reference 516 22 File and Print 519 Using the Network File System 520 Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS 520 NFS Server Configuration 520 NFS Client Configuration 522 Putting Samba to Work 523 Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf 524 Testing Samba with the testparm Command 527 Starting the smbd Daemon 527 Mounting Samba Shares 528 Configuring Samba Using SWAT 529 Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu 534 Creating Network Printers 534 Enabling Network Printing on a LAN 534 Session Message Block Printing 536 Using the Common UNIX Printing System GUI 537 Creating a CUPS Printer Entry 537 Avoiding Printer Support Problems 541 All-in-One (Print/Fax/Scan) Devices 541 Using USB and Legacy Printers 542 Reference 543 23 Remote File Serving with FTP 545 Using FTP Clients 545 The FTP Client Interface 546 Using the Text-Based FTP Client Interface 546 Using Graphical FTP Clients 553 FTP Servers 556 Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server 557 Ubuntu FTP Server Packages 557 Other FTP Servers 557 Installing FTP Software 558 The FTP User 559 inetd Configuration for wu-ftpd 561 Starting the Very Secure FTP Server (vsftpd) Package 561 Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server 562 Controlling Anonymous Access 562 Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files 563 Configuring the Wu-FTPd Server 565 Using Commands in the ftpaccess File to Configure wu-ftpd 566 Configure Access Control 566 Configure User Information 569 Configure System Logging 573 Configure Permission Control 574 Configure Commands Directed Toward the cdpath 576 Structure of the shutdown File 577 Configure FTP Server File-Conversion Actions 577 Strip Prefix 578 Strip Postfix 578 Add-On Prefix 578 Add-On Postfix 578 External Command 579 Types 579 Options 579 Description 579 An Example of Conversions in Action 580 Using Commands in the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection 580 Server Administration 581 Display Information About Connected Users 581 Count the Number of Connections 583 Use /usr/sbin/ftpshut to Schedule FTP Server Downtime 583 Use /var/log/xferlog to View a Log of Server Transactions 585 Reference 587 24 Handling Electronic Mail 589 How Email Is Sent and Received 589 The Mail Transport Agent 590 Choosing an MTA 592 The Mail Delivery Agent 592 The Mail User Agent 593 Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation 594 Configuring Masquerading 595 Using Smart Hosts 595 Setting Message Delivery Intervals 595 Mail Relaying 596 Forwarding Email with Aliases 597 Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail 597 Installing Fetchmail 598 Configuring Fetchmail 598 Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent 601 Procmail 602 Spamassassin 602 Squirrelmail 602 Virus Scanners 603 Mail Daemons 603 Alternatives to Microsoft Exchange Server 603 Microsoft Exchange Server/Outlook Client 604 CommuniGate Pro 604 Oracle Collaboration Suite 604 Bynari 604 Open-Xchange 605 phpgroupware 605 PHProjekt 605 Horde 605 Reference 606 Web Resources 606 Books 606 25 Proxying and Reverse Proxying 607 What Is a Proxy Server? 607 Installing Squid 608 Configuring Clients 608 Access Control Lists 609 Specifying Client IP Addresses 613 Example Configurations 614 Reference 616 26 LDAP 617 Configuring the Server 618 Populating Your Directory 620 Configuring Clients 622 Evolution 623 Thunderbird 624 Administration 624 Reference 625 Part IV Programming Linux 627 27 Using Perl 629 Using Perl with Linux 629 Perl Versions 630 A Simple Perl Program 630 Perl Variables and Data Structures 632 Perl Variable Types 632 Special Variables 633 Operators 634 Comparison Operators 634 Compound Operators 635 Arithmetic Operators 635 Other Operators 635 Special String Constants 636 Conditional Statements: if/else and unless 637 if 637 unless 638 Looping 638 for 638 foreach 639 while 639 until 640 last and next 640 do ... while and do ... until 640 Regular Expressions 641 Access to the Shell 641 Modules and CPAN 642 Code Examples 643 Sending Mail 643 Purging Logs 645 Posting to Usenet 646 One-Liners 647 Command-Line Processing 648 Reference 648 Books 649 Usenet 649 WWW 649 Other 650 28 Working with Python 651 Python on Linux 651 Getting Interactive 652 The Basics of Python 652 Numbers 653 More on Strings 654 Lists 656 Dictionaries 659 Conditionals and Looping 659 Functions 662 Object Orientation 663 Class and Object Variables 664 Constructors and Destructors 665 Class Inheritance 665 Multiple Inheritance 667 The Standard Library and the Vaults of Parnassus 668 Reference 669 29 Writing PHP Scripts 671 Introduction to PHP 671 Entering and Exiting PHP Mode 672 Variables 672 Arrays 674 Constants 675 References 676 Comments 677 Escape Sequences 677 Variable Substitution 678 Operators 679 Conditional Statements 681 Special Operators 682 Switching 683 Loops 685 Including Other Files 687 Basic Functions 688 Strings 688 Arrays 691 Files 693 Miscellaneous 696 Handling HTML Forms 699 Databases 700 Introduction to PEAR::DB 700 Reference 702 30 C/C++ Programming Tools for Ubuntu 705 Programming in C with Linux 705 Programming in C++ 706 Getting Started with Linux C/C++ Programming 706 The Process of Programming 707 Elements of the C/C++ Language 707 Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu 708 Building Programs with make 708 Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code 710 Managing Software Projects with RCS and CVS 711 Debugging Tools 712 Using the GNU C Compiler 714 A Simple C Program 714 Graphical Development Tools 715 Using the KDevelop Client 715 Trolltech?s Qt Designer 716 The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME 717 Reference 719 Part V Ubuntu Housekeeping 721 31 Securing Your Machines 723 Understanding Computer Attacks 723 Assessing Your Vulnerability 725 Protecting Your Machine 726 Securing a Wireless Network 726 Passwords and Physical Security 727 Configuring and Using Tripwire 728 Devices 729 Viruses 730 Configuring Your Firewall 730 Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan 731 Keeping Up-to-Date on Linux Security Issues 732 Reference 733 32 Performance Tuning 735 Hard Disk 735 Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives 736 The hdparm Command 737 File System Tuning 738 The tune2fs Command 738 The e2fsck Command 739 The badblocks Command 739 Disabling File Access Time 739 Kernel 739 Apache 740 MySQL 742 Measuring Key Buffer Usage 742 Using the Query Cache 744 Miscellaneous Tweaks 745 Query Optimization 745 Reference 746 33 Command Line Masterclass 747 Why Use the Shell? 748 Basic Commands 749 Printing the Contents of a File with cat 750 Changing Directories with cd 751 Changing File Access Permissions with chmod 753 Copying Files with cp 753 Printing Disk Usage with du 754 Finding Files by Searching with find 755 Searches for a String in Input with grep 757 Paging Through Output with less 758 Creating Links Between Files with ln 761 Finding Files from an Index with locate 762 Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls 762 Reading Manual Pages with man 764 Making Directories with mkdir 765 Moving Files with mv 765 Listing Processes with ps 765 Deleting Files and Directories with rm 766 Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail 767 Printing Resource Usage with top 767 Printing the Location of a Command with which 769 Combining Commands Together 769 Multiple Terminals 771 Reference 773 Books 773 34 Advanced APT 775 Using Aptitude 775 The dpkg Back-End 777 Configuring APT 778 Reference 779 35 Kernel and Module Management 781 The Linux Kernel 782 The Linux Source Tree 782 Types of Kernels 785 Managing Modules 786 When to Recompile 788 Kernel Versions 788 Obtaining the Kernel Sources 789 Patching the Kernel 790 Compiling the Kernel 792 Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel 797 Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image 800 When Something Goes Wrong 801 Errors During Compile 801 Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops 802 Reference 803 Part VI Appendix 805 A Ubuntu and Linux Internet Resources 807 Websites and Search Engines 808 Web Search Tips 808 Google Is Your Friend 809 Ubuntu Package Listings 809 Certification 809 Commercial Support 810 Documentation 810 Linux Guides 811 The Ubuntu Project 811 Mini-CD Linux Distributions 811 Floppy-Based Linux Distributions 812 Various Intel-Based Linux Distributions 812 PowerPC-Based Linux Distributions 813 Linux on Laptops and PDAs 813 The X Window System 813 Usenet Newsgroups 814 Mailing Lists 815 Ubuntu Project Mailing Lists 815 Internet Relay Chat 816 Index 817
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Ubuntu (Electronic resource).
Linux.
Operating systems (Computers).