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Contents Acknowledgments?????????????????????..xi Introduction?..???????????????????????.1 1 European Radicalism in 1871????????????????.5 International Working Men?s Association??????????5 Impact of the IWMA???????????????????9 Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune????????10 The Commune in Power??.???????????????12 Fall of the Paris Commune????????????????14 Significance of the Commune???????????????15 2 Birth and Development of Left Radicalism after 1871?????17 Rise of the Trade Unions?????????????????17 Creation of Socialist Political Parties????????????23 Founding of the Second International???????????29 Socialist International and May Day????????????30 Women Workers and Socialism??????????????34 Anarchism?..??????????????????????36 Syndicalism???????????????????????39 Failure of Repression???????????????????41 Anti- Socialist Law in Germany, 1878?1890.?????????.43 3. Splits within the European Left Before World War I ????? 45 Revisionist Controversy in Germany???????????46 Millerand Affair in France????????????????50 Split in Russian Socialism????????????????52 Anarchist Alienation from Socialism???????????54 Syndicalism?s Challenge to Socialism???????????56 European Radicalism: The View from Below????????59 European Left at the end of the 19th Century????????63 3 Left Confronts Militarism, Colonialism and Rebellion????65 Militarism and the Threat of War?????????????66 Encountering the Problem of Colonialism??????????70 Case of the Boer War???????????????????73 Socialist International and Colonialism???????????76 Russia?s Revolutionary Dress Rehearsal of 1905???????77 Birth of the Soviets????????????????????80 The Left and the Council Movement????????????82 Mass Strike???????????????????????83 Road to War??????????????????????85 European Radicals and the Impending War?????????88 4 From War to Revolution, Europe 1914? 1917?????????91 World War?s Impact on Europe??????????????94 Women and the War???????????????????95 Casualties during the War????????????????96 Inception of Anti-War Activism??????????????97 Zimmerwald.??????????????????????.99 Divisions within Radical Organizations??????????101 March Revolution in Russia???????????????104 All Power to the Soviets?????????????????106 Bolsheviks Come to Power????????????????108 5 Revolutionary Europe, 1917? 1921?????????????111 The Kaiser Goes, the Generals Remain???????????112 Aborted Revolution in Germany?????????????114 Suppression of the Revolutionary Left???????????116 Collapse of the Hapsburg Monarchy???????????119 Austro-Marxism and Revolutionary Vienna????????119 Soviet Republic in Hungary???????????????121 Collapse of the Soviet Government in Hungary???????123 Anti-Semitism and Revolutionary Movements???????124 First World War?s Impact on Italy?????????????125 Biennio Rosso in Northern Italy?????????????126 Revolutionary Dissent in France?????????????128 Suppression of the Mutiny????????????????129 Urban Unrest.???.??????????????????.130 The Easter Rebellion in Ireland??????????????131 Rebellious Britain, 1918?1919???????????????133 Ebbing of the Revolutionary Tide?????????????134 Conclusion: The Significance of Revolutionary Left?????135 Reasons for Revolutionary Failures????????????135 Legacy of the European Revolutionary Left????????141 Further Reading??????????????????????147
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Socialism -- Europe -- History.
Radicalism -- Europe -- History.
Revolutions -- Europe -- History.
Europe -- History -- 1871-1918.