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Contents To the Instructor xi To the Student xiv PART ONE -Basic Principles in Experimental Psychology 1 1 An Introduction to Scientific Inquiry 3 The Topics of Experimental Psychology 3 Science 5 Facts, Theories, and Speculation 9 Psychological Science 9 The Scientific Method 10 Experimental Design 12 Applying Assumptions of the Scientific Method to Experimental Psychology 13 The Psychological Experiment 17 Development of Hypotheses in Experimental Psychology 17 Other Research Methods 19 Observation Methods 19 Archival Research 26 Correlational Studies 27 Survey Research Methods 29 A Final Note 30 2 The Psychological Literature: Reading for Understanding and as a Source of Research Ideas 31 Ideas, Hunches, and the Psychological Literature 31 Using the Internet 33 Electronic Databases: Indexes, Abstracts, Full Text 33 Reading and Understanding Psychological Articles 35 A Form for Recording Articles 36 A Final Note 36 3 Basic Experimental Design in Psychology 38 The Logic of Experimental Psychology 38 Operational Definitions 39 Independent and Dependent Variables 43 Experimental and Control Groups 47 A Final Note 52 4 Advanced Design Techniques 53 Factorial Designs 54 Quasi-Experimental Designs 65 Functional Designs 67 Additional Considerations: Generalization of Results 73 A Final Note 74 5 Experimental Design and Control 75 Controlled Contrasts 75 Scientific Inferences 76 Types of Control 76 Experimental Paradigms 79 Use of Treatment and Control Groups 86 A Final Note 96 6 Control of Subject Variables 97 Equality of Subjects in Treatment Groups 97 Random Assignment 98 Matching Subjects 101 Within-Subjects Control 104 Subject Loss (Attrition) 106 A Final Note 109 7 Design Critiques 110 Experiment Briefs 113 A Final Note 120 8 Ethics of Experimental Research 121 Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct 122 Research with Humans 127 Case Studies 129 A Final Note 134 9 The Research Process 135 Doing Research 135 Writing a Research Paper 146 Reporting Data 155 Sample Manuscript 160 Submitting Your Manuscript 168 Poster Sessions at Professional Meetings 168 A Final Note 172 PART TWO Analysis of Experiments 173 10 Cola Tasting 179 Introduction 179 Special Issues: Control Problems 179 Identification of Cola Beverages 182 Analysis 182 Questions 188 11 Territoriality in Parking Lots 189 Introduction 189 Special Issues: Field-Based Studies 189 Territorial Defense in Parking Lots: Retaliation against Waiting Drivers 192 Questions 204 12 Fanning Old Flames 205 Introduction 205 Fanning Old Flames: Arousing Romantic Obsessions Through Thought Suppression 206 Analysis 206 Questions 211 13 Picture Memory 212 Introduction 212 Comprehension and Memory for Pictures 213 Analysis 213 Questions 227 14 Hormones and Toy Preferences 228 Introduction 228 Special Issues: Selection of Subjects as a Source of Independent Variables 228 Early Androgens are Related to Childhood Sex-typed Toy Preferences 230 Analysis 230 Questions 241 15 Maternal Behavior 242 Introduction 242 Special Issues: The Use of Animals in Psychological Research 243 Maternal Behavior Induced by Maternal Blood Plasma Injected into Virgin Rats 244 Analysis 245 Questions 252 16 Children's Reasoning 254 Introduction 254 How Special Are Objects? Children's Reasoning About Objects, Parts, and Holes 255 Questions 264 17 Creative Porpoise 265 Introduction 265 Special Issues: Small n Designs 266 The Creative Porpoise: Training for Novel Behavior 268 Analysis 268 Questions 282 18 Perspective Shifting 283 Introduction 283 Recall of Previously Unrecallable Information Following a Shift in Perspective 284 Analysis 284 Questions 297 19 Therapy for Anger 298 Introduction 298 Special Issues: Single-subject Design in Clinical Studies 298 Stress Inoculation: A Cognitive Theory for Anger and Its Application to a Case of Depression 300 Analysis 300 Questions 311 20 Prosocial Behavior 312 Introduction 312 Effects of a Prosocial Televised Example on Children's Helping 313 Questions 320 21 Alcohol and Condoms 321 Introduction 321 Special Issues: Multiple Experiments 321 Why Common Sense Goes Out the Window: Effects of Alcohol on Intentions to Use Condoms 323 Analysis 323 Questions 343 22 Karate Techniques 344 Introduction 344 Special Issues: Subject Variables 344 Memory for the Frequency of Occurrences of Karate Techniques: A Comparison of Experts and Novices 345 Analysis 345 Questions 352 23 Disputes in Japan 353 Introduction 353 Disputes in Japan: A Cross-cultural Test of the Procedural Justice Model 354 Questions 361 24 False Confessions 362 Introduction 362 The Social Psychology of False Confessions: Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation 363 Analysis 363 Questions 371 APPENDIX A -Computational Procedures for Basic Statistics 372 APPENDIX B Statistical Tables 392 Glossary 396 References 404 Credits 408 Name Index 000 Subject Index 000 To the Instructor I am so pleased to present this eighth edition of Experimental Psychology: A Case Approach. Experimental psychologists have covered a lot of territory during the past century, when psychology became a formal discipline, and the many changes have necessitated changes in books and professional articles. This edition of Experimental Psychology reflects the diversity of research areas in psychology and clearly demonstrates how experiments are conducted. Originally, we wrote this book to identify the basic principles of experimental design as practiced by experimental psychologists. Too often, the teaching of experimental psychology involves lengthy discussions of theoretical statistics, or concentration on a highly specialized area of research. Therefore, after several years of experimenting with how best to present the material for a first course in experimental psychology, we developed a method by which students study actual case examples in psychology and then generalize the ideas from those examples to the principles of experimental design. The approach is "bottom-up," in the vernacular of cognitive psychology, in that we emphasize actual experiments from which principles are derived. Although this approach builds from the basic to the more abstract, it is our intention to give both aspects of experimental psychology due attention. Both examples and principles are important in the study of experimental psychology. It is our purpose to teach both. The pedagogical method in this book uses actual experiments to help the student learn how design principles are applied in research. In this edition of Experimental Psychology the student will read, critique, or analyze approximately 75 cases and experiments that exemplify various design principles and problems. In addition to understanding design, the student will become comfortable with the research literature and learn much of the content material of psychology. Teaching by example has been a traditional means of instruction and is still widely practiced, whether the subject is high-energy physics, carpentry, accounting, computer programming, psychotherapy, creative writing, or cellular biology. But in courses involving experimental design in the psychological sciences, the common practice is to plod through a series of philosophical and theoretical issues that, while important to any scholar's education, are often difficult to relate to the real world of research (especially when you're first learning about it). We believe that teaching by example is essential to the development of critical thought and the practice of research, particularly for students new to psychology, or those on the brink of conducting their own research. We wrote the book from a tutorial standpoint, as if we were private tutors instructing a student as he or she was reading the material. First, we present a principle or a problem in experimental design. Then we show how the principle or problem has been dealt with in the psychological literature. We provide annotated reviews of actual articles, much as a master teacher might do if he or she sat down with a student and critically read an article with him or her. Based on the comments we have received from students and instructors, this technique is remarkably successful. Part One of this edition lays out the basic principles of experimental design. The content has been expanded to include current case studies, and reorganized better to mirror the order in which many instructors are already using the text. Although experimental psychology is largely considered a laboratory science, we have expanded discussion of research methods that fall outside the bounds of traditional experimental psychology. As researchers we are called upon to make decisions and justify them every step of the way through the research process. Being able to decide on the best methodology given a particular research question is a skill that students can start to develop as well. Thus, an expanded section on other research methods is included. Comprehensive chapters on the research process have been expanded and updated to include the latest information on electronic databases, planning and doing research (including updated information on institutional review boards), funding research, writing abstracts, preparing posters and attending conferences, writing a professional paper, and publishing manuscripts. Part Two of the book contains 15 reprinted articles. The scope of the articles in Part Two was carefully selected to sample the major areas of psychology, including industrial psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, animal and ethological studies, practical problems, cross-cultural studies, psychotherapy, single-subject designs, educational psychology, behavioral modification, and child psychology, among others. We selected these articles to illustrate the design issues presented in Part One. We have also identified some special issues of experimental design that are embodied in some of the articles. These issues include control problems, field-based experiments, subject selection, small n experiments, research with animals, clinical research, and social behavior in the laboratory, among others. We have found that by using this format students learn a great deal about the different fields of psychology in addition to learning about the vast diversity of experimental design. Some professors have told us that Part Two of the book is the reason why they select the book for class use, either as the primary text or as a supplementary one. (Curiously, about the same number have told us that they select the book for the contents of the first section!) Appendixes A and B cover basic statistics, and allow the book to be used in a much wider range of courses in which basic statistics are necessary. The appendixes also allow instructors to demonstrate the computational procedures for a large number of the statistical tests demonstrated in this book. An Instructor's Manual and Test Bank is available that contains test questions, class demonstrations, discussion questions, and lecture strategies. It is also though with great sadness that I bring this eighth edition to you. My dear friend, mentor, colleague, and co-author Bob Solso passed away in January 2005. Thus, this was the first time we have not undertaken the task of revision together. Bob is and always will be "present" in this book via his tutorial approach and his artful prose. I would like to acknowledge the assistance of those colleagues and students who have offered critical feedback on the structure and content of this book. I thank the following reviewers of the Seventh Edition: Jeremy Bailenson, University of California, Santa Barbara; Ron Fagan, Pepperdine University, Barton Poulson, Brigham Young University. Their detailed feedback was very useful in updating this book. Their recommended improvements, as well as our class testing, have strengthened the text considerably. The reviewers to the eighth edition were enormously helpful and I thank them for their time and effort: Bruce Diamond, William Patterson University; Erik Nilsen, Lewis & Clark College; and Lynn Winters, Purchase College, SUNY. Thanks are also due to my students in my research methods course who tirelessly (and with good humor) pointed out inconsistencies, alerted me to sections that could be made more clear and overall were a sounding board for the changes to this edition. Their most vocal request? "We want a glossary!" So with the help of graduate student Abbie Close, a glossary is included in this edition. I'm also grateful to graduate students Amanda Collins, Colin Phelan, and Brad Okdie for their work on market comparisons, updating examples, and overall edits. I also thank the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Psychology at the University of Northern Iowa for providing funding and time for me to complete this revision. Lastly, thanks are due Otto MacLin and Gage MacLin for their patience, understanding, and support during this revision process. Finally, please let me know (really! My email address is below) what you like and what you don't about this book. Comments from instructors and students are enormously helpful in keeping this book up to date and useful to you. M. Kimberly MacLin kim.maclin@uni.edu TO THE STUDENT Why are we here?! What are you doing in this class? With this book? In this class, using this book, you will learn about how we know what we know about psychological science. You will learn how to do research, as well as hone your reading, thinking, and writing skills. Fundamentally, you will learn about how to find out the answers to the questions you have (or will develop) about human thought and behavior. This book examines the methods of experimental psychology. A great deal of the book is devoted to controlled psychological experiments and the collection of reliable data based on observations. We use a "case approach," meaning that we illustrate each of the principles of experimental design with an example, or case, drawn from the professional literature in psychology. Study these cases carefully, as they represent excellent examples of skillfully conducted experiments from every major area in psychology-including animal studies, child psychology, social psychology, cognitive psychology, and applied psychology, among others. We also emphasize ethics in experimental research and give some guidelines on how best to develop research ideas, write research papers, and present your research at professional conferences. You can email me (or find me on facebook) if you have questions or suggestions about this book. Good luck and let me know how it goes. Kim MacLin kim.maclin@uni.edu
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Psychology, Experimental.
Experimental design.
Psychology -- Case studies.