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Contents foreord, by [UnOdC and UnHCR]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Preface, neil J. Kritz and William Schabas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .EditorsContributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *** USER'S GUIDE Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1. the Model Codes Project: A Response to Post-Conflict Criminal Law needs ...................................................3 2. Potential Uses of the Model Codes in a Criminal Law Reform Process . . . . . . . . .9 3. A Synopsis of the Model Criminal Code..................................17 4. Guiding Principles for the Criminal Law Reform Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 *** PART I: GENERAL PART Section 1: Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Article 1: definitions...............................................31 Section 2: Fundamental Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Article 2: Purpose and Limits of Criminal Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Article 3: Principle of Legality .......................................37 Section 3: Jurisdiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Article 4: territorial Jurisdiction.....................................42Article 5: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction ................................43Article 6: Universal Jurisdiction .....................................46Article 7: Personal Jurisdiction ......................................47 Section 4: Ne Bis in Idem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Article 8: Ne Bis in Idem (double Jeopardy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Section 5: Article 9: Article 10: Article 11: Article 12: Section 6: Article 13: Article 14: Section 7: Article 15: Article 16: Article 17: Article 18: Section 8: Article 19: Section 9: Subsection 1: Article 20: Article 21: Article 22: Subsection 2: Article 23: Article 24: Article 25: Article 26: Section 10: Article 27: Statutory Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Statutory Limitations for Criminal Prosecution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Statutory Limitations Applicable to an Adult for Criminal Offenses Committed as a Juvenile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 nonapplicability of Statutory Limitations to Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, and War Crimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Running and Suspension of Statutory Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Time and Place of Commission of a Criminal Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 time of Commission of a Criminal Offense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Place of Commission of a Criminal Offense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Criminal Offense, Criminal Responsibility, and Commission of a Criminal Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Criminal Offense .........................................63 Criminal Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Commission of a Criminal Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Intention, Recklessness, and negligence ......................66 Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons .....................72 Justification and Excusal of Criminal Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Justification ............................................. 78 Self-defense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 necessity ................................................79 Superior Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Exclusion of Criminal Responsibility...................... 82 Mental Incompetence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Intoxication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 duress ..................................................84 Mistake of fact and Mistake of Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Criminal Attempt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Attempt .................................................87 Section 11: Article 28: Article 29: Article 30: Article 31: Article 32: Article 33: Section 12: Subsection 1: Article 34: Article 35: Article 36: Subsection 2: Article 37: Article 38: Article 39: Article 40: Subsection 3: Article 41: Article 42: Article 43: Article 44: Article 45: Article 46: Article 47: Contents - _ii Participation in a Criminal Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Participation in a Common Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Ordering, Soliciting, or Inducement .........................93 Incitement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 facilitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Responsibility of Commanders and Other Superiors for the Criminal Offenses of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, and War Crimes ..........................................95 Punishment as a Perpetrator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Purpose of Penalties, Fundamental Principle, and Other Principles Relating to Penalties.................... 101 Purposes of Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 fundamental Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Other Principles Relevant to the determination of Penalties . . . . 105 Penalty Structure ....................................... 108 General Penalty Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Principal Penalties .......................................110 Alternative Penalties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Additional Penalties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Procedure for Determination of Penalties ................ 116 General Procedure for the determination of an Appropriate Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Appraisal of the Applicable Minimum and Maximum Penalty . . 121 Augmentation of the Maximum Period of Imprisonment Based on Individual Aggravating factors Set Out in the Special Part of the MCC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Augmentation of the Maximum Period of Imprisonment When a Criminal Offense Is Committed as Part of Organized Criminal Activity ..............................123 Augmentation of the Maximum Period of Imprisonment When a Criminal Offense Is Motivated by Hatred. . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Augmentation of the Maximum Period of Imprisonment for a Criminal Offense Committed by a Public Official . . . . . . . .125 Reduction of the Minimum Period of Imprisonment due to Particularly Mitigating Circumstances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Article 48: Reduction of the Minimum Period of Imprisonment for Attempted Offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Article 49: determination of the Appropriateness of Life Imprisonment as a Principal Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Article 50: determination of the Appropriateness of a fine as a Principal Penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Article 51: determination of the Appropriate term of Imprisonment in Light of General Mitigating and Aggravating Circumstances. . . . 131 Article 52: determination of a Joint Penalty for Convictions on two or More Criminal Offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Article 53: Subsequent Imposition of a Penalty on a Convicted Person . . . . . 138 Article 54: Replacement of a Principal Penalty with an Alternative Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Article 55: Suspended Sentence as an Alternative Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Article 56: Community Service as an Alternative Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Article 57: Semiliberty as an Alternative Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Article 58: Supplementation of a Principal Penalty with Additional Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Article 59: Supplementation of an Alternative Penalty with Additional Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Article 60: A fine as an Additional Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Article 61: Confiscation of Property, Equipment, or Other Instrumentalities Used in or destined for Use in a Criminal Offense as an Additional Penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Article 62: Payment of Compensation to a Victim as an Additional Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Article 63: deprivation of the Right to Be Elected as an Additional Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Article 64: deprivation of the Right to Possess or Carry firearms as an Additional Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Article 65: Prohibition on Holding a Post as a Public Official as an Additional Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Article 66: Prohibition on the Exercise of Managerial or Supervisory Positions in Private Legal Entities as an Additional Penalty . . . . . 155 Article 67: Expulsion of a non-national as an Additional Penalty . . . . . . . . . 156 Subsection 4: Penalties for Legal Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Article 68: types of Penalties for Legal Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Article 69: determination of Penalties for a Legal Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Section 13: Article 70: Article 71: Article 72: Article 73: Section 14: Subsection 1: Article 74: Subsection 2: Article 75: Article 76: Article 77: Subsection 3: Article 78: Article 79: Subsection 4: Article 80: Subsection 5: Article 81: Article 82: Article 83: Article 84: Article 85: Contents - ix Confiscation of the Proceeds of Crime and Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Prohibition on Retention of Proceeds of Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Confiscation of Proceeds of Crime or Property of Corresponding Value from the Convicted Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Confiscation of Proceeds of Crime or Property of Corresponding Value from a third Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Dispositions Applicable to Juveniles and Adults on Trial for Criminal Offenses Committed as Juveniles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Scope of Application of Section 14 and General Principles ...................................... 172 Scope of Application of Section 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Purposes of Juvenile Dispositions and Principles Applicable to Juvenile Dispositions ...................... 173 Purposes of Juvenile dispositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 fundamental Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Principles Applicable to Juvenile dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Structure of Juvenile Dispositions........................ 178 Principal Juvenile dispositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Additional Juvenile dispositions ...........................181 Procedure for Determining Juvenile Dispositions ......... 183 Procedure for determining Juvenile dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Principal Juvenile Dispositions .......................... 185 Judicial Admonition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Intensive Supervision of a Juvenile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 disciplinary Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 Institutional Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Juvenile Imprisonment ...................................190 PART II: SPECIAL PART Section 1: Article 86: Article 87: Article 88: Section 2: Article 89: Article 90: Article 91: Article 92: Article 93: Section 3: Article 94:Article 95: Article 96: Article 97: Article 98: Article 99: Article 100: Section 4: Article 101: Article 102: Article 103: Article 104: Article 105: Article 106: Article 107: Article 108: Article 109: Article 110: Article 111: Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, and War Crimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Genocide ...............................................196 Crimes against Humanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 War Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Offenses against Life and Limb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Unlawful Killing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Assault .................................................222 Assault Causing Harm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 Assault Causing Serious Harm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 threats to Kill or Cause Serious Harm ......................224 Sexual Offenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 Rape ...................................................227 Sexual Intercourse and Acts of a Sexual nature with a Child below the Age of Consent to Sexual Relations . . . . . . . . . . .229 Violation of the Sexual Autonomy of a defenseless Person. . . . . .231 Violation of Sexual Autonomy by Abuse of Authority . . . . . . . . . . 231 Sexual Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 Enforced Prostitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 Sexual Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 Offenses against the Rights of Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 torture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 trafficking in Persons ....................................238 Establishing Slavery, Slavery-like Conditions, and forced Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Enforced disappearance ..................................244 domestic Violence .......................................246 Kidnapping .............................................251 Unlawful deprivation of Liberty ...........................252 Criminal Coercion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Unauthorized Search of a Person and His or Her Belongings . . . . 253 Unauthorized Search of a dwelling or Premises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Unauthorized Visual Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Article 112: Article 113:Article 114: Section 5: Article 115: Article 116: Article 117: Article 118: Section 6: Article 119: Article 120: Article 121: Article 122: Article 123: Article 124: Article 125: Article 126: Article 127: Article 128: Article 129: Article 130: Article 131: Article 132: Article 133: Section 7: Article 134: Article 135: Section 8: Article 136: Article 137: Violation of the Privacy and Confidentiality of Communications ........................................257 Abuse of Personal data ...................................259 Abuse of Personal Secrets .................................259 Offenses against Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Sale of Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Child Prostitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Child Pornography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Possession of Child Pornography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Property Offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 theft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Robbery and Aggravated Robbery ..........................269 Extortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 Burglary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 Aggravated Burglary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Receiving and Concealing Stolen Goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Bringing into the State Property Obtained through Crime. . . . . . 274 fraud ..................................................275 Embezzlement of Property ................................276 forgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Using false Instruments ..................................279 Possessing false Instruments ..............................280 Arson ..................................................281 Reckless Burning or Exploding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 Criminal damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Economic Offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 Counterfeiting Money ....................................285 Money Laundering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 Organized Crime Offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 Participation in an Organized Criminal Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 Offenses Related to the Smuggling of Migrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Section 9: Article 138: Article 139: Article 140: Section 10: Article 141: Article 142: Article 143: Article 144: Article 145: Article 146: Section 11: Article 147: Article 148: Article 149: Article 150: Article 151: Article 152: Article 153: Article 154: Article 155: Article 156: Article 157: Article 158: Article 159: Article 160: Article 161: Article 162: Corruption Offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 Corruption Involving a Public Official ......................306 Corruption Involving a foreign Public Official or an Official of a Public International Organization ......................308 Corruption in the Private Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Corruption-Related Offenses and Other Offenses Involving a Public Official. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 trading in Influence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 Embezzlement, Misappropriation, or Other diversion of Property by a Public Official. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Abuse of functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 Illicit Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Concealment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 threat and Improper Influence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Offenses against the State, Public Safety, and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 financing terrorism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 terrorist Bombing .......................................324 Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation. . . . . . . . . . . . .330 Unlawful Acts of Violence at an Airport Serving International Civil Aviation ...............................332 Offenses against Internationally Protected Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 taking of Hostages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 Offenses Related to nuclear Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime navigation . . . . . . 339 Unlawful Acts against the Safety of fixed Platforms . . . . . . . . . . .341 Piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343 Bombing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 disruption of Supply of Public Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 destruction or Unauthorized Removal of Cultural Property. . . .346 Incitement to Crime on Account of Hatred. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349 Unauthorized Border Crossing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351 Section 12: Article 163: Section 13: Article 164: Article 165: Article 166: Article 167: Article 168: Article 169: Section 14: Article 170: Article 171: Article 172: Article 173: Article 174: Article 175: Article 176: Section 15: Article 177: Article 178: Article 179: Article 180: Article 181: Article 182: Article 183: Contents - xiii Offenses against United Nations and Associated Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352 Endangering United nations and Associated Personnel . . . . . . . . 352 Offenses Involving Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356 Illicit Manufacturing or trafficking in firearms or Ammunition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358 Illicit Obliteration, Removal, or Altering of Markings on firearms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360 Illicit Manufacturing or trafficking in Explosives. . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Unlawful Purchase of firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, or Weapons ...................................363 Unlawful Possession, Control, or Ownership of firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, or Weapons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 Unlawful Use of firearms .................................367 Drug Offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 trafficking in narcotic drugs and Psychotropic Substances . . . . 372 Possession or Purchase of narcotic drugs or Psychotropic Substances for the Purpose of trafficking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 Organizing, Managing, or financing trafficking in narcotic drugs or Psychotropic Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376 Cultivation of Opium Poppy, Coca Bush, or Cannabis Plant . . . . 377 Manufacture, transport, or distribution of Precursors . . . . . . . .380 Manufacture, transport, or distribution of Equipment or Materials for Use in the Illicit Cultivation, Production, or Manufacture of narcotic drugs or Psychotropic Substances . . . . 381 Possession or Purchase of narcotic drugs or Psychotropic Substances for Personal Use ...............................382 Election Offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 Preventing the Exercise of the Right to Vote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 Violating the free decision of Voters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386 Abuse of the Right to Vote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 Violating Confidentiality in Voting .........................388 Buying and Selling Votes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388 Election fraud. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 threat to an Election Candidate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390 Section 16: Cybercrime Offenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391Article 184: Illegal Access to a Computer System ........................392Article 185: Illegal Interception of Computer data.......................393Article 186: Interference with Computer data...........................394Article 187: Interference with a Computer System .......................395Article 188: Misuse of devices........................................396 Section 17: Offenses against the Administration of Justice. . . . . . .398 Article 189: Alteration or destruction of Evidence.......................398 Article 190: fabrication of Evidence ...................................399 Article 191: Presentation of false or forged Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400 Article 192: false testimony..........................................400 Article 193: Obstruction of Justice of a Witness .........................401 Article 194: Obstruction of Justice of a Justice or Policing Official. . . . . . . . . .403 Article 195: Retaliation against a Witness ..............................404 Article 196: Retaliation against a Justice or Policing Official. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Article 197: failure to Respect an Order of the Court.....................405 Article 198: Providing Assistance to Perpetrator after the Commission of a Criminal Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406 Article 199: false Statements of a Cooperative Witness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407 Article 200: Revealing the Sealed Order for Protective Measures or Anonymity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408 Annex 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 Annex 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413 Annex 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 Legal Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417 Further Reading Relevant to the General Part of the Model Criminal Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422 Further Reading Relevant to the Special Part of the Model Criminal Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425 Criminal Law Reform Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436 Useful Websites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Criminal justice, Administration of -- International cooperation.
Criminal law -- International cooperation.
Reparation (Criminal justice).
Restorative justice.