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Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Inflammation and Oxidation in Aging and Chronic Diseases 1.1 Overview 1.2. Experimental models for aging: 1.2.1. Mortality rate accelerations 1.2.2. Mammals 1.2.3. Cultured cell models and replicative senescence 1.2.4. Invertebrate models 1.2.5. Yeast 1.2.6. The biochemistry of aging 1.2.7. Biomarkers of aging and mortality risk markers 1.2.8. Evolutionary theories of aging 1.3. Outline of inflammation 1.3.1. Innate defense mechanisms 1.3.2. Genetic variations of inflammatory responses 1.3.3. Inflammation and energy 1.3.4. Amyloids and inflammation 1.4. By-stander damage and dependent variables in senescence 1.4.1. ROS bystander damage (type 1) 1.4.2 .Glycoxidation (bystander damage, type 2) 1.4.3. Type 3: Chronic proliferation 1.4.4. Type 4: Mechanical bystander effects Part 2 1.5. Arterial aging and atherosclerosis 1.5.1. Ontogeny 1.5.2. Hazards of hypertension 1.5.3. Mechanisms 1.5.3.1. Inflammation 1.5.3.2. Hemodynamics 1.5.3.4. Endothelial progenitor cells 1.5.4. Blood risk factors for vascular disease and overlap with acute phase responses 1.6. Alzheimer disease and vascular-related dementias 1.6.1. Neuropathology of Alzheimer disease 1.6.2. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease 1.6.3. Prodromal stages of Alzheimer disease 1.6.4. Overlap of Alzheimer and cerebrovascular changes 1.6.5. Insulin and IGF-1 in vascular disease and Alzheimer disease 1.6.6. Blood inflammatory proteins: markers for disease or aging, or both? 1.7. Inflammation in obesity 1.8. Inflammatory processes of normal aging in the absence of specific diseases 1.8.1. Brain 1.8.2. Generalized inflammatory changes in normal tissue aging 1.9. Summary Chapter 2. Infections, Inflammogens, and Drugs 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Vascular disease 2.2.1. Historical associations of infections and vascular mortality 2.2.2. Modern serologic associations 2.3. Infections from the central tube: Metchnikoff revisited 2.3.1. Humans: leakage from periodontal disease and possibly the lower intestine 2.3.2 Worms and flies as models for human intestinal microbial intrusion 2.4. Aerosols and dietary inflammogens 2.4.1 Aerosols 2.4.2. Food 2.5. Infections, inflammation, and lifespan 2.5.1. Historical human populations 2.5.2. Longer rodent lifespans with improved husbandry 2.6. Are infections a cause of obesity? 2.7. Inflammation, dementia, and cognitive decline 2.7.1. Alzheimer disease 2.6.2. HIV, dementia, and amyloid 2.6.3. Peripheral amyloids 2.6.3. Inflammation and cognitive decline during ¿usual¿ aging 2.7. Immunosenescence and stem cells 2.7.1. Immunosenescence and cumulative exposure 2.7.2. Immunosenescence and telomere loss 2.7.3. Inflammation and stem cells 2.8. Cancer, infection, and inflammation 2.8.1. Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis B virus 2.8.2. Smoking and lung cancer 2.9. Pharmacopleiotropies in vascular disease, dementia, and cancer 2.9.1. Anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulant drugs. 2.9.2. Aspirin and other NSAIDS 2.9.3. Statins 2.9.3.1. Vascular disease 2.9.3.2. Dementia 2.9.4. Sex steroid replacement (hormone therapy) 2.9.5. Plant-derived micronutrients and neutriceuticals 2.10. Summary Chapter 3. Energy Balance, Inflammation, and Aging 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Diet restriction and aging 3.2.1. Overview of animal models 3.2.2. DR and disease in rodent models 3.2.3. DR, starvation, vascular disease, and longevity in humans 3.2.4. Diet restriction, infections, and inflammation 3.2.5. Somatic repair and regeneration 3.3. Energy sensing in DR and satiety 3.3.1 Physiology 3.3.2. Biochemistry 3.3.3. DR in vascular disease and cancer 3.4. Exercise, cardiovascular health, and longevity 3.4.1 Humans 3.4.2. Rodent models 3.4.3. Mechanisms in exercise and longevity 3.5. Diet, exercise, and neurodegeneration 3.5.1 Alzheimer disease 3.5.2. Synaptic changes in the absence of neurodegeneration 3.6. Laboratory rodents as models for the ¿couch potato¿ 3.7. Energy balance in the life history 3.8. Conclusions Chapter 4: Nutrition and Infection in the Developmental Influences on Aging 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Synopsis of the fetal origins theory 4.3. The Barker studies of infections and vascular disease 4.4. Size, health, and longevity 4.4.1. Adult height, vascular disease, and longevity 4.4.2. Size at birth and adult height 4.4.3. Criteria for growth retardation 4.4.4. Maternal metabolism and fetal growth 4.4.5. Birth size and adult vascular and metabolic disease 4.4.6. Twins: small size at birth and catch-up growth, but normal longevity 4.5. Infection and undernutrition on birthweight and later disease 4.5.1. The tangle 4.5.2. Maternal infections and nutrition 4.5.3. Smoking and aerosols 4.6. Infection and nutrition in postnatal development and later disease 4.6.1. Diarrheas in growth retardation 4.6.2. Seasonal effects 4.6.3. Serum immune response markers of chronic infection in health-poor children 4.6.4. Infections during development 4.6.5. The cost of infections to postnatal growth: evidence from migration and antibiotics 4.6.6. Unknowns 4.7. Famine 4.7.1. World War II 4.7.2. 19th Century famines 4.8. Maternal physiology, fetal growth, and later chronic disease 4.9. Growth in adaptive responses to the environment 4.10. Genomics of fetal growth regulation 4.10.1. Inherited genetic variations 4.10.2. Gene imprinting: inherited, but epigenetic influences on development 4.11. Conclusions Chapter 5: Genetics 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Sources of individual variations in aging and lifespan 5.3. Sex differences in longevity 5.4. Metabolism and host-defense in worm and fly 5.4.1. Metabolic gene signaling 5.4.2. Immunity and metabolism 5.5. The worm 5.5.1. Overview 5.5.2. Slower eating increases lifespan 5.5.3. Metabolism and host defense 5.6. Fly 5.6.1. Overview 5.6.2. Metabolism and diet restriction 5.6.3. Heart 5.6.4. Infections, host defense and stress resistance 5.6.5. Natural variations in longevity pathways 5.7. Mammals 5.7.1. Growth and metabolism 5.7.1.1. Rodent mutants with altered insulin signaling and fat metabolism 5.7.1.2. Human hereditary variations in metabolic genes 5.7.1.3. Size and longevity 5.7.1.4. The Barzilai paradox 5.7.2. Inflammation 5.7.3. Lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism 5.7.4. ApoE4 interactions with diet, cognition, and vascular aging 5.7.5. ApoE alleles, infection, and reproduction 5.8. Conclusions Chapter 6: The Human Life Span: Present, Past, and Future 6.1. Introduction 6.2. From great ape to human. 6.1.1. Human life history evolution 6.2.2. Chimpanzee aging 6.2.2. The evolution of meat-eating 6.2.3. Meat adaptive genes 6.3. Four major shifts in human life history from genetic and cultural evolution 6.4. The continuing Darwinian selection 6.4.1. Infections 6.4.2. Air quality 6.4.3. Obesity and diabetes 6.4.4. Prospects 6.5. Mechanisms in aging and life history evolution References Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Longevity -- Physiological aspects.
Aging -- Physiological aspects.
Inflammation.
Nutrition.