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Contents SUMMARY S-1 1 ENERGY 1-1 2 CARBOHYDRATES 2-1 3 FATS AND FATTY ACIDS 3-1 4 PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS 4-1 5 MINERALS 5-1 6 VITAMINS 6-1 7 WATER AND WATER QUALITY 7-1 8 FEEDS AND FEED PROCESSING 8-1 9 FEED ADDITIVES 9-1 10 FEED ANALYSIS 10-1 11 FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FEEDING MANAGEMENT 11-1 12 UNIQUE ASPECTS OF EQUINE NUTRITION 12-1 13 DONKEYS AND OTHER EQUIDS 13-1 14 RATION FORMULATION AND EVALUATION 14-1 15 COMPUTER MODEL TO ESTIMATE REQUIREMENTS 15-1 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT TABLES 16-1 FEED COMPOSITION TABLES 16-X COMPOSITION OF MARES¿ MILK 16-X TABLE OF CONVERSIONS 16-X APPENDIXES A COMMITTEE STATEMENT OF TASK EM-1 B ABBREVIATONS AND ACRONYMS EM-2 C COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOGRAPHIES EM-3 D BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES PUBLICATIONS EM-6 INDEX XXX Tables and Figures TABLES 1-1 Summary of Studies that Measured Heat Production in Horses at Maintenance XXX 1-2 Three Proposed levels of DE Intake for Maintenance in Adult Horses as Compared to the Previous Recommendation XXX 1-3 Lower and Upper Critical Temperatures in Horses XXX 1-4 Effect of Age on the Amount of DE Required per kilogram of Gain for Growing Horses XXX 1-5 Summary of Estimates of the Relationship Between Age and Percentage of Mature Body Weight in Growing Horses XXX 1-6 Body Weights Predicted by Equation 1-3 and Expected Mature Body Weight and Body Weights Estimated in the Previous NRC for Growing Horses XXX 1-7 A Condition Scoring System for Horses XXX 1-8 Estimated Oxygen Consumption and Net Energy Utilization of a 500-kg Horse Ridden by a 50-kg Rider at Various Heart Rates XXX 1-9 Hypothetical Weekly Net Energy Expenditure of a 500-kg Horse Used for Recreational Riding XXX 1-10 Example Weekly Workloads of Horses in the Light, Moderate, Heavy, and Very Heavy Exercise Categories XXX 1-11 Estimated Increase in DE Intake Necessary to Change the Condition Score of a 500-kg horse from 4 to 5 XXX 2-1 Neutral Detergent Fiber, Nonfiber Carbohydrate, and Nonstructural Carbohydrate Composition of Selected Feedstuffs on a Dry Matter Basis XXX 2-2 Carbohydrate Composition of Selected Feed Ingredients XXX 7-1 Estimated Water Needs of Horses XXX 7-2 Guidelines for Total Dissolved Solids or Total Soluble Salts XXX 7-3 Water Hardness Guidelines XXX 7-4 Generally Considered Safe Upper Level Concentrations of Some Potentially Toxic Nutrients and Contaminants in Water for Horses XXX 8-1 Estimated Voluntary Fresh Matter Intake and Voluntary Dry Matter Intake of Fresh Herbage XXX 8-2 Contents of Digestible Energy and Protein and Apparent Dry Matter and Protein Digestibilities of Various Fresh Forages by Horses XXX 8-3 Estimated Voluntary Dry Matter Intake of Various Hays by Horses and Ponies XXX 8-4 Apparent Dry Matter, Organic Matter, Energy, Protein and Fiber Digestibilities of Various Hays in Horses XXX 8-5 Voluntary Dry Matter Intakes of Ensiled Forages by Ponies and Horses XXX 8-6 Apparent Dry Matter, Organic Matter, Protein, and Energy Digestibility of Ensiled Forages by Ponies XXX 8-7 Fatty Acid Composition of Some Fats and Oils Available for Use in Equine Feeds XXX 8-8 Amino Acid Contents of Some Horse Feed Ingredients and Forages XXX 8-9 Supplemental Vitamin Sources XXX 8-10 Comparison of Small Intestinal Starch Digestibility of Processed Corn XXX 8-11 Comparison of Small Intestinal Starch Digestibility of Processed Oats XXX 8-12 Comparison of Small Intestinal Starch Digestibility of Processed Oats and Barley XXX 8-13 Comparison of Small Intestinal Digestibility of Grains XXX 8-14 Comparison of Small Intestinal Starch Digestibility of Grains Fed at Moderate Intakes XXX 8-15 Comparison of Small Intestinal Nitrogen Digestibility of Diets Containing Micronized and Crimped Oats and Sorghum XXX 8-1A Selected Terminology Related to Feed Identification and Processing XXX 9-1 AAFCO Feed Ingredient Definitions for Organic Mineral Products XXX 11-1 Summary of Ranges of Reported Average Voluntary Dry Matter Intakes of Selected Feedstuffs XXX 11-2 Foraging Criteria by Horses Provided Various Feeds XXX 12-1 Guidelines for Feeding Horses during Cold Weather XXX 12-2 Guidelines for Feeding Horses during Hot Weather XXX 12-3 Grasses That May Contain Excessive Amounts of Oxalates XXX 13-1 Comparative Energy Expenditures in Horses and Donkeys XXX 13-2 Chemical Composition of Donkey¿s Milk and Other Animal Species XXX 13-3 Daily Rations for Adult Donkeys XXX 13-4 Estimated Nutrient Intakes for Adult Donkeys Consuming Diets Based on Poor or Good Quality Forage XXX 13-5 Wild Equids Found in Zoological Parks XXX 13-6 Diet Ingredients and Nutrient Composition of Typical Diets Fed to Wild Equids in Zoological Parks XXX 13-7 Digestibility Coefficients, Organic Matter Intake, Organic Matter, and Cell Wall Extraction by Wild Equids XXX 14-1 Feed Ingredient Nutrient Composition XXX 14-2 Example Estimates for Nutrient Requirements XXX 14-3 Comparison of Nutrient Intake and Estimated Requirement XXX 14-4 Feed Ingredient Nutrient Composition XXX 14-5 Example Intake Limit and Estimated Nutrient Requirements XXX 14-6 Comparison of Nutrient Intake and Estimated Requirements XXX 14-7 Targeted Nutrient Concentration of the Example Concentrate XXX 14-8 Nutrient Composition of Feedstuffs XXX 14-9 Nutrient Concentration of an 80:20 Mix of Grain One and Grain Two XXX 14-10 Comparison of Nutrient Densities of Grain Mix and Protein Supplement with the Targeted Nutrient Densities for the Concentrate XXX 14-11 Comparison of Nutrient Densities of Grain Mix, Protein Supplement, and Mineral One with the Targeted Nutrient Densities for the Concentrate XXX 14-12 Comparison of the Nutrient Densities of the Formulation with the Targeted Nutrient Densities for the Concentrate XXX 14-13 Formulated Concentrate Constituents on a Dry Matter and As-Fed Basis XXX 16-1 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Horses (Mature Body Weight of 200 kg) XXX 16-2 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Horses (Mature Body Weight of 400 kg) XXX 16-3 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Horses (Mature Body Weight of 500 kg) XXX 16-4 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Horses (Mature Body Weight of 600 kg) XXX 16-5 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Horses (Mature Body Weight of 900 kg) XXX 16-6 Nutrient Composition of Selected Feedstuffs XXX 16-7 Compositions of Inorganic Mineral Sources XXX 16-8 Research Findings on Composition of Mare's Milk XXX 16-9 Conversion Factors XXX FIGURES 1-1 Energy Flow Diagram XXX 1-2 Comparison of DE Intakes of Growing Horses XXX 1-3 Effect of Age on DEm in Growing Horses XXX 1-4 Relationship between Age and the Amount of DE Required above Maintenance per kilogram of Gain in Growing Horses XXX 1-5 DE Intakes of Growing Horses as Predicted By Equation 1-4 and Actual Intakes Reported in the Literature XXX 1-6 Fetal Weight as a Percent of Birth Weight During Gestation XXX 1-7 Comparison of Two Equations (1-5b and 1-5d) that Predict Fetal Weight as a Percent of Birth Weight XXX 4-1 Regression of Means from Nitrogen Digestibility Studies for Sedentary Horses XXX 4-2 Regression of Means from Nitrogen Digestibility Studies Evaluating Foregut versus Total Tract Digestibility of Nitrogen XXX 4-3 Relationship between Calculated Available Protein Intake and Digestible Protein Intake. XXX 4-4 Linear and Non-Linear Regression for Nitrogen Balance for Horses at Maintenance XXX 10-1 Dietary Carbohydrate Terminology XXX
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Horses -- Nutrition -- Requirements.
Horses -- Feeding and feeds.