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Table of Contents Author's Note Author's Note Concerning Use of Metric Weight Units Design-A Separate Discipline 1 1.1 What is Design? 1 1.2 Introduction to the Book 1 2 Overview of the Design Process 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Phases of Aircraft Design 3 2.3 Aircraft Conceptual Design Process 8 2.4 Integrated Product Development and Aircraft Design 012 3 Sizing from a Conceptual Sketch 015 3.1 Introduction 015 3.2 Take-off-Weight Buildup 016 3.3 Empty-Weight Estimation 016 3.4 Fuel-Fraction Estimation 018 3.5 Take-off-Weight Calculation 027 3.6 Design Example: ASW Aircraft 028 4 Airfoil and Geometry Selection 037 4.1 Introduction 037 4.2 Airfoil Selection 037 4.3 Wing Geometry 051 4.4 Biplane Wings 071 4.5 Tail Geometry and Arrangement 073 5 Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Wing Loading 087 5.1 Introduction >087 5.2 Thrust-to-Weight Ratio 088 5.3 Wing Loading 094 5.4 Selection of Thrust-to-Weight and Wing Loading 110 6 Initial Sizing 111 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Rubber-Engine Sizing 112 6.3 Fixed-Engine Sizing 118 6.4 Geometry Sizing 119 6.5 Control-Surface Sizing 123 7 Configuration Layout and Loft 127 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 End Products of Configuration Layout 127 7.3 Conic Lofting 132 7.4 Conic Fuselage Development 138 7.5 Flat-Wrap Fuselage Lofting 146 7.6 Circle-To-Square Adapter 147 7.7 Fuselage Loft Verification 148 7.8 Wing/Tail Layout and Loft 149 7.9 Wetted Area Determination 161 7.10 Volume Determination 163 7.11 Use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) In Conceptual Design 164 8 Special Considerations in Configuration Layout 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Aerodynamic Considerations 169 8.3 Structural Considerations 177 8.4 Radar Detectability 185 8.5 Infrared Detectability 195 8.6 Visual Detectability 196 8.7 Aural Signature 197 8.8 Vulnerability Considerations 197 8.9 Crashworthiness Considerations 199 8.10 Producibility Considerations 201 8.11 Maintainability Considerations 205 9 Crew Station, Passengers, and Payload 209 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Crew Station 209 9.3 Passenger Compartment 213 9.4 Cargo Provisions 214 9.5 Weapons Carriage 216 9.6 Gun Installation 219 10 Propulsion and Fuel System Integration 221 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Propulsion Selection 221 10.3 Jet-Engine Integration 224 10.4 Propeller-Engine Integration 250 10.5 Fuel System 257 11 Landing Gear and Subsystems 261 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 Landing Gear Arrangements 261 11.3 Tire Sizing 266 11.4 Shock Absorbers 272 11.5 Castoring-Wheel Geometry 279 11.6 Gear-Retraction Geometry 280 11.7 Seaplanes 283 11.8 Subsystems 285 Intermission: Step-by-Step Development of a New Design 295 12 Aerodynamics 303 12.1 Introduction 303 12.2 Aerodynamic Forces 304 12.3 Aerodynamic Coefficients 308 12.4 Lift 309 12.5 Parasite (Zero-Lift) Drag 328 12.6 Drag Due to Lift (Induced Drag) 346 12.7 Aerodynamic Codes and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 355 13 Propulsion 365 13.1 Introduction 365 13.2 Jet-Engine Thrust Considerations 367 13.3 Turbojet Installed Thrust 370 13.4 Thrust-Drag Bookkeeping 370 13.5 Installed-Thrust Methodology 371 13.6 Piston-Engine Performance 379 13.7 Turboprop Performance 386 14 Structures and Loads 389 14.1 Introduction 389 14.2 Loads Categories 390 14.3 Air Loads 392 14.4 Inertial Loads 401 14.5 Powerplant Loads 402 14.6 Landing-Gear Loads 402 14.7 Structures Fundamentals 403 14.8 Material Selection 408 14.9 Material Properties 411 14.10 Structural-Analysis Fundamentals 421 14.11 Finite-Element Structural Analysis 444 15 Weights 451 15.1 Introduction 451 15.2 Approximate Group Weights Method 454 15.3 Statistical Group Weights Method 454 15.4 Additional Considerations in Weights Estimation 463 16 Stability, Control, and Handling Qualities 465 16.1 Introduction 465 16.2 Coordinate Systems and Definitions 467 16.3 Longitudinal Static Stability and Control 468 16.4 Lateral-Directional Static Stability and Control 488 16.5 Stick-Free Stability 497 16.6 Effects of Flexibility 497 16.7 Dynamic Stability 499 16.8 Quasi-Steady State 503 16.9 Inertia Coupling 504 16.10 Handling Qualities 506 17 Performance and Flight Mechanics 513 17.1 Introduction and Equations of Motion 513 17.2 Steady Level Flight 514 17.3 Steady Climbing and Descending Flight 523 17.4 Level Turning Flight 527 17.5 Gliding Flight 530 17.6 Energy-Maneuverability Methods 534 17.7 Operating Envelope 542 17.8 Take-off Analysis 544 17.9 Landing Analysis 548 17.10 Other Fighter Performance Measures of Merit 550 18 Cost Analysis 559 18.1 Introduction 559 18.2 Elements of Life-Cycle Cost 560 18.3 Cost-Estimating Methods 563 18.4 RDT&E and Production Costs 564 18.5 Operations and Maintenance Costs 568 18.6 Cost Measures of Merit (Military) 572 18.7 Aircraft and Airline Economics 573 19 Sizing and Trade Studies 577 19.1 Introduction 577 19.2 Detailed Sizing Methods 577 19.3 Improved Conceptual Sizing Methods 578 19.4 Sizing Matrix and Carpet Plots 583 19.5 Trade Studies 589 20 Vertical Flight--Jet and Prop 597 20.1 Introduction 597 20.2 Jet VTOL 597 20.3 Prop VTOL and Helicopter 616 21 Extremes of Flight 635 21.1 Introduction 635 21.2 Rockets, Launch Vehicles, and Spacecraft 635 21.3 Hypersonic Vehicles 647 21.4 Lighter-Than-Air 650 22 Design of Unique Aircraft Concepts 659 22.1 Introduction 659 22.2 Flying Wing, Tailless, Lifting Fuselage, and Blended Wing-Body 659 22.3 Delta and Double-Delta Wing 664 22.4 Forward-Swept Wing 665 22.5 Canard-Pusher 667 22.6 Multi-Fuselage 668 22.7 Asymmetrical 670 22.8 Joined Wing 674 22.9 Wing-in-Ground Effect 676 22.10 Unmanned/Uninhabited 677 23 Conceptual Design Examples 681 23.1 Introduction 681 23.2 Single-Seat Aerobatic 682 23.3 Lightweight Supercruise Fighter 682 Appendix A. Unit Conversion 773 Appendix B. Standard Atmosphere 775 Appendix C. Airspeed 779 Appendix D. Airfoil Data 781 Appendix E. Typical Engine Performance Curves 793 E.1 Afterburning Turbofan 793 E.2 High-Bypass Turbofan 797 E.3 Turboprop 799 Appendix F. Design Requirements and Specifications 801 Questions 807 References 817 Index 825 Supporting Materials 853
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Airplanes -- Design and construction.