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Contents Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxvii Editorial Note xliii The Constitution of the United States 1 PART ONE INTRODUCTION 17 Background to the Constitution 000 Chapter 1 The Bank of the United States: A Case Study 27 I. Early Background II. The First Bank of the United States 28 A. Madison's View 28 James Madison's Speech to the House of Representatives (1791) B. The Attorney General's Opinion 32 C. Jefferson's Critique of the Bank 33 D. Hamilton's Defense 34 Alexander Hamilton, Opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank (1791) 34 Discussion 37 III. The Second Bank 37 IV. Judicial Examination of Congress' Authority to Create the Bank 38 Note on Reading and Editing Cases 38 McCulloch v. Maryland [The First Question] 38 A. The Reaction to McCulloch 51 B. Marshall's Methods of Constitutional Interpretation 53 Note: Uncertainties of Meaning 59 Note: "Inherent" Versus "Implied" Powers 62 Note: An Excursion into Louisiana 64 Discussion 66 V. The States' Power to Tax the Bank of the United States 67 McCulloch v. Maryland [The Second Question] 67 Discussion 72 VI. The Demise of the Second Bank 74 Andrew Jackson, Veto Message, July 10, 1832 74 Discussion 78 Walter Dellinger, "Presidential Authority to Decline to Execute Unconstitutional Statutes" (November 2, 1994) 79 Discussion 81 Note: Congressional Spending for the "General Welfare" 81 Discussion 84 VII. Freedom of Expression and States' Rights in the Late Eighteenth Century: The Sedition Act of 1798 84 A. The Meaning of the First Amendment 85 1. The Original Understanding 85 2. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798-1799 89 B. Federalism and States' Rights 91 C. The Doctrine of Nullification 91 Discussion 94 Chapter 2 The Marshall Court and the Early Republic 97 I. The Supreme Court in Its Initial Years: 1789-1801 97 Discussion 98 II. The Election of 1800 99 III. The Cases of 1803 104 A. Stuart v. Laird and the Elimination of the Intermediate Appellate Judiciary 104 Stuart v. Larid 104 Discussion 105 B. Marbury and Judicial Review of Legislation 108 Marbury v. Madison 108 Discussion 121 C. The Precedents for Judicial Review 124 D. Judicial Review in a Democratic Polity 126 1. The Countermajoritarian Difficulty 126 2. Justifications for Judicial Review 127 a. Supervising Inter- and Intra-governmental Relations 127 b. Preserving Fundamental Values 130 c. Protecting the Integrity of Democratic Processes 131 3. The Countermajoritarian Difficulty Challenged 132 IV. The "Marshall Court" 136 Note: Limiting the President's Power as Commander-in-Chief 138 Discussion 140 V. The Protection of Property Rights and the Natural Law Tradition 140 Fletcher v. Peck 140 Discussion 143 Note: Natural Law, Vested Rights, and the Written Constitution: Sources for Judicial Review 146 1. The Natural Law Tradition 146 2. The Judicial Protection of Vested Rights 148 Calder v. Bull 149 Discussion 150 3. The Explicit Federal Constitutional Protection of Rights 151 4. The Ninth Amendment Note: Is Constitutional Law a Comedy or a Tragedy? 153 Discussion 155 VI. American Indians and the American Political Community 156 Discussion 160 Note: The Property Rights of Enemy Aliens 161 Discussion 163 VII. Women's Citizenship in the Antebellum Era 164 Discussion 168 VIII. Regulation of the Interstate Economy 168 Gibbons v. Ogden 168 Discussion 176 Note: Language, Purpose, and Meaning 180 1. Language and Purpose 180 2. Discovering the Adopters' Purposes 183 Chapter 3 The Taney Court and the Civil War, 1835-1865 187 I. Interstate and Foreign Commerce and Personal Mobility 187 A. The States' "Police Powers" as a Constraint on the National Commerce Power 194 Mayor of the City of New York v. Miln 191 Discussion 198 B. The Cooley Accommodation 203 Cooley v. Board of Wardens 204 Discussion 205 Note on Congressional Consent 206 C. The Privileges and Immunities of State Citizenship and Personal Mobility Among the States 208 1. The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV 208 Corfield v. Coryell 209 Discussion 210 2. Interstate Mobility 210 Crandall v. Nevada 210 Discussion 212 II. Slavery 212 A. The Interstate Slave Trade 213 Groves v. Slaughter 213 Note: Freedom of Speech, Federalism, and Slavery 215 B. Fugitive Slaves 217 Prigg v. Pennsylvania 217 Discussion 225 C. Prelude to Secession 226 Dred Scott v. Sandford 229 Discussion 245 Frederick Douglass, The Constitution of the United States: Is It Pro-Slavery or Anti-Slavery? 253 D. Judicial Supremacy and Dred Scott: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 257 Discussion 260 III. "And the War Came": The President as Commander-in-Chief on Behalf of Preservation of the Union 261 A. The Debate Over Secession 261 1. President James Buchanan Opposes Both Secession and War 261 2. Judah Benjamin Defends Secession 264 3. Jefferson Davis Takes the Helm of the Confederate States of America 267 4. Lincoln Responds and Acts 268 Discussion 269 B. The Authority of the President to Repel Attacks on the Union 271 Prize Cases 271 Discussion 273 C. Lincoln and the Suspension of Habeas Corpus 276 1. Chief Justice Taney on the Exclusive Authority of Congress 276 Ex Parte Merryman 276 2. The President Asserts Executive Authority 278 Discussion 279 D. Lincoln: The Great Emancipator 279 Note: Former Justice Curtis Dissents 280 Discussion 282 Note: "Reverence for Law" 283 Discussion Note: The Gettysburg Address as Constitutional Interpretation 285 The Gettysburg Address 285 Discussion 286 E. The Use of Military Tribunals as an Alternative to Trial by Jury 287 Ex Parte Milligan 287 Discussion 290 IV. The Legal Tender Cases and the Constitutionality of Paper Money 291 Discussion 297 Chapter 4 From Reconstruction to the New Deal: 1866-1934 301 I. The Reconstruction Constitution 301 A. History of the Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment 301 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 302 The Fourteenth Amendment 307 Note: What the Fourteenth Amendment Did Not Say 309 Note: The Unusual Procedural History of the Fourteenth Amendment 310 Discussion 314 B. The Fourteenth Amendment Limited 319 The Slaughter-house Cases 320 Discussion 330 Bradwell v. Illinois 337 Discussion 339 Note: The "New Departure" and Women's Place in the Constitutional Order 340 Minor v. Happersett 343 Discussion 345 Note: The Fourteenth Amendment, Birthright Citizenship, and American Indians 346 Note: "The Riddle of Hiram Revels" 350 Discussion 351 C. Early Application of the Fourteenth Amendment to Race Discrimination 351 Strauder v. West Virginia 351 Discussion 355 D. Establishment of the "Separate but Equal" Doctrine 357 Plessy v. Ferguson 359 Discussion 365 Charles Black, The Lawfulness of the Segregation Decisions 368 Note: The Spirit of Plessy 370 Giles v. Harris 372 Discussion 373 E. Creation of the State Action Doctrine 373 The Civil Rights Cases 373 Discussion 383 II. Creating an "American Nation" 385 A. American Expansionism, Race, Ethnicity, and the Constitution 385 Downes v. Bidwell 386 Discussion 396 B. Ethnic Diversity and the Constitution: The Case of Chinese Immigration 398 Chae Chan Ping v. U.S. 000 Discussion 404 C. Religious Diversity and the Constitution: The Example of Mormonism 405 Reynolds v. United States 407 Discussion 411 III. The Protection of Economic Rights 412 A. Pressures for Intervention and the Rise of Substantive Due Process, 1874-1890 412 Note: Incorporation of the Eminent Domain Clause 415 B. The Heyday of Judicial Activism, 1890-1934 417 Lochner v. New York 417 1. The Transformation and Federalization of General Constitutional Law 422 2. The Meanings of "Liberty," "Property," and "Process" 423 3. The Scope of the Police Power: Permissible and Impermissible Objectives 424 4. Burdens of Proof and Questions of Degree 426 5. Laissez Faire, Lawyers, and Legal Scholarship 427 6. A Survey of the Court's Work 429 C. Freedom of Contract and the Problem of "Involuntary Servitude" 431 IV. Congressional Regulation of Interstate Commerce and of the National Economy 435 Champion v. Ames [The Lottery Case] 437 Discussion 441 Hammer v. Dagenhart 441 Discussion 445 Note: On "Prisoner's Dilemmas" and Centralized Coordination 445 Note: Binary Oppositions and Congressional Ability to Invoke Its Power Under the Commerce Clause 447 Note on the Taxing Power 449 Note on the Spending Power 450 Discussion 452 United States v. Butler 000 Note: Does the Treaty Power Override "Reserved Powers" of the States? 456 V. "When a Nation Is at War": World War I and the First Amendment 460 Discussion 464 Further questions on the Constitution and "Emergency Power" During Time of War 469 VI. Constitutional Innovation during the Progressive Period 471 A. The Sixteenth Amendment 471 B. The Seventeenth Amendment 472 C. The Eighteenth Amendment 473 D. The Nineteenth Amendment 474 E. Constitutional Limits on Article V? 477 1. Time Limits 477 Discussion 479 2. Are There Substantive Limits to Constitutional Amendment? 481 PART TWO CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION IN THE MODERN WORLD 000 I. The Evolution of the Bill of Rights and Its "Incorporation" Against the States 000 II. A Case Study in Modern Constitutional Interpretation: The Second Amendment 000 Chapter 5 Economic Regulation, Federalism, and Separation of Powers in the Modern Era 000 I. The Decline of Judicial Intervention Against Economic Regulation 000 A. 1934 000 Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell 000 Discussion 000 B. 1935-1937 000 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 000 C. The Modern Doctrine of Economic Due Process 000 United States v. Carolene Products Co. 000 Discussion 000 Williamson v. Lee Optical Co. 000 Discussion 000 D. Modern Contract Clause Doctrine 000 Discussion 000 E. Modern Takings Clause Doctrine 000 Jed Rubenfeld, Usings 000 Discussion 000 II. Relaxation of Judicial Constraints on Congressional Power 000 A. From the Hughes Court to the Burger Court: Plenary Federal Power? 000 1. The Commerce Power 000 NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. 000 United States v. Darby 000 Wickard v. Filburn 000 Discussion 000 Note: On Constitutional Revolution 000 Note: The 1960s Civil Rights Legislation: Commerce Power or Reconstruction Power? 000 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 000 Katzenbach v. McClung 000 Discussion 000 2. The Taxing and Spending Power 000 Steward Machine Company v. Davis 000 Discussion 000 3. The Reconstruction Power 000 South Carolina v. Katzenbach 000 Katzenbach v. Morgan 000 Discussion 000 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 000 Oregon v. Mitchell 000 B. The Rehnquist Court: Finding Limits on Federal Power 000 1. The Commerce Power 000 United States v. Lopez 000 Discussion 000 2. The Taxing and Spending Power 000 3. The Reconstruction Power 000 City of Boerne v. Flores 000 Discussion 000 III. Affirmative Limits on Congressional Regulations of State Governments 000 A. From the Hughes Court to the Burger Court: Practically No Limits? 000 Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority 000 Discussion 000 B. The Rehnquist Court: Finding Affirmative Limits 000 Gregory v. Ashcroft 000 Discussion 000 New York v. United States 000 Discussion 000 Printz v. United States 000 Discussion 000 U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton 000 Discussion 000 IV. Interstate Federalism and the National Economy 000 A. Dormant Commerce Clause 000 1. Burdensome Laws: The Development of a Balancing Test 000 2. Facially Discriminatory Laws: The "Per Se Invalidity" Test 000 3. The Market Participant Exception 000 4. General Theories of Dormant Commerce 000 B. Interstate Privileges and Immunities 000 V. The Executive Power of the United States 000 A. The (Non)Prosecution Power 000 United States v. Cox 000 Discussion 000 United States v. Nixon, President of the United States 000 Discussion 000 B. The Appointment Power 000 In re Sealed Case 000 Morrison v. Olson 000 Discussion 000 Edmond v. United States 000 Discussion 000 C. The Veto Power 000 Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha 000 Discussion 000 D. The Power of the Sword 000 1. Emergency Power During Wartime 000 Executive Order: Directing the Secretary of Commerce to Take Possession of and Operate the Plants and Facilities of Certain Steel Companies 000 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 000 Discussion 000 2. Executive Detention 000 Hamdi v. Rumsfield 000 Rumsfeld v. Padilla 000 Discussion 000 3. Military Tribunals 000 Ex Parte Quirin 000 Discussion 000 Note: Torture and Presidential Power 000 Discussion 000 E. Presidential Privileges and Immunities 000 F. Presidential Selection 000 VI. Some Limits on the Federal Judicial Power 000 A. Jurisdiction Stripping 000 B. Standing 000 C. Political Questions 000 Note: Presidential Impeachment 000 Chapter 6 The Burdens of History: The Constitutional Treatment of Race 000 I. Brown v. Board of Education and The Constitutional Struggle Over Desegregation 000 A. Background to the School Desegregation Case 000 Note: Brown and the Cold War 000 B. The School Desegregation Case 000 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 000 Note: A "Dissent" from Brown 000 Discussion 000 C. Brown and Constitutional Interpretation 000 Alexander Bickel, the Original Understanding and the Segregation Decision 000 Note: A Dissenting Opinion on the Original Understanding 000 Discussion 000 Note: Originalism in Antidiscrimination Law 000 1. Original Intentions versus Original Understanding 000 2. Bolling v. Sharpe and the Original Understanding of the Fifth Amendment 000 Bolling v. Sharpe 000 Discussion 000 3. The Fourteenth Amendment and Voting Rights 000 4. Translating from Past to Present 000 5. Original Meaning versus Original Application versus Original Intention 000 6. Beyond Originalism? 000 D. Reflections on the Opinion in Brown 000 Note: The Rhetoric of Brown 000 Note: The Enduring Significance of Brown: "Can Courts Bring About Social Change?" 000 Discussion 000 E. Four Decades of School Desegregation 000 1. Brown II and "All Deliberate Speed" 000 2. "Massive Resistance" to School Desegregation 000 3. The Political Branches Respond: 1964-1968 000 4. The Supreme Court Reasserts Itself 000 Green v. New Kent County School Board 000 Discussion 000 5. Southern Metropolitan Segregation 000 6. School Segregation in the North 000 Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado 000 Discussion 000 7. The Turning Point - Interdistrict Relief 000 Milliken v. Bradley 000 Discussion 000 8. An Era of Retrenchment 000 Missouri v. Jenkins 000 Discussion 000 9. Desegregating Institutions of Higher Education 000 United States v. Fordice 000 Discussion 000 Note: Toward "Separate But Truly Equal"? 000 II. The Antidiscrimination Principle and the "Suspect Classification" Standard 000 A. The Origins of the Suspect Classification Doctrine 000 1. The Court Strikes Down Antimiscegenation Statutes 000 Loving v. Virginia 000 Discussion 000 2. Race, National Origin, and "Reasonableness" 000 Korematsu v. United States 000 Discussion 000 Note: Discrimination Against Asian-Americans and the Black/White Paradigm 000 3. What Justifies the Suspect Classification Standard? 000 Paul Brest, Foreword: In Defense of the Antidiscrimination Principle 000 Discussion 000 B. The Reach of the Suspect Classification Doctrine 000 1. Racial Segregation in Prisons 000 Johnson v. California 000 Discussion 000 2. Child Placement Policies 000 Discussion 000 3. Government Collection and Use of Racial Data 000 Morales v. Daley 000 Discussion 000 Note: Mixed Race/Multiethnic Identity 000 4. Suspect Descriptions 000 Brown v. City of Oneonta 000 Discussion 000 C. What Is "Race" for Purposes of the Equal Protection Clause? 000 Note: On the Social and Legal Construction of "Race" 000 1. Four Concepts of "Race": Status-Based, Formal, Historical, and Cultural 000 2. "Race" as a Social and Legal Construction 000 Hernandez v. Texas 000 Discussion 000 Hernandez v. New York 000 Rice v. Cayetano 000 Discussion 0000 D. What Is a "Race-Dependent" Decision? 0000 1. Discriminatory Administration of an Otherwise "Neutral" Statute 0000 2. The Race-Dependent Decision to Adopt a Nonracially Specific Regulation or Law 0000 3. Transferred de Jure Discrimination 0000 E. When Is a Decision with Disproportionate Racial Impact a Decision "Based on Race?" 0000 Discussion 0000 Washington v. Davis 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Commentaries on the Intent Standard 0000 Discussion 0000 F. Judicial Review of Covert Race-Dependent Decisions: The Inquiry into Motivation 0000 1. The Arlington Heights Factors 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Assessing the Motives of Legislatures and Other Decisionmakers 0000 Discussion 0000 2. The War on Drugs and the Powder Cocaine/Crack Cocaine Distinction 0000 United States v. Clary 0000 Discussion 0000 3. Peremptory Challenges 0000 Batson v. Kentucky 0000 Note: Subsequent Cases 0000 Discussion 0000 4. Administering Death 0000 McCleskey v. Kemp 0000 Note: Racial Profiling and the Equal Protection Clause 0000 5. Repeals or Limitations of Civil Rights Laws and Remedies 0000 Hunter v. Erickson 0000 Discussion 0000 G. "Preferential" Treatment for Racial Minorities 0000 1. The Bakke Case 0000 Regents of University of California v. Bakke 0000 Note: Affirmative Action from Bakke to Croson 0000 2. Affirmative Action in the Rehnquist Court 0000 City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. 0000 Discussion 0000 Adarand Constructors v. Pena 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Affirmative Action and the Original Understanding 0000 3. The Court Reaffirms Bakke 0000 Grutter v. Bollinger 0000 Gratz v. Bollinger 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Are American Indians a "Race" for Affirmative Action Purposes? 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Racial Redistricting and the Equal Protection Clause 0000 H. Citizenship and Alienage Under the Equal Protection Clause 0000 1. The Early Interplay of Race and Alienage 0000 2. Regulation of Aliens by State Governments 0000 Graham v. Richardson 0000 Bernal v. Fainter 0000 Discussion 0000 3. Regulation of Resident Aliens by the Federal Government 0000 Discussion 0000 Chapter 7 Sex Equality 0000 I. The Court's Initial Reception of Sex Equality Claims Under the Fourteenth Amendment: Early History: Social Movements and Constitutional Change 0000 A. The Amendment's First Century 0000 B. Movement Roots of Modern Sex Discrimination Law 0000 Frontiero v. Richardson 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: The Equal Rights Amendment 0000 Discussion 0000 II. What Justifies Special Constitutional Scrutiny for Gender Classifications or for Gender Discrimination (And Are They the Same Thing)? 0000 A. Is the Problem Classification at All? 0000 B. Text and History 0000 C. Reasoning from Race 0000 D. Views from the Academy 0000 Sylvia Law, Rethinking Sex and the Constitution 0000 Richard Wasserstrom, Racism, Sexism, and Preferential Treatment 0000 Discussion 0000 John Ely, Democracy and Distrust 0000 Discussion 0000 Catharine A. Mackinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 0000 Discussion 0000 III. What Does Intermediate Scrutiny Prohibit? 0000 A. The Emergence of Intermediate Scrutiny: Pregnancy, Sex Stereotyping, and the Family 0000 B. Intermediate Scrutiny and Same-Sex Marriage 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: On Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation 0000 C. Intermediate Scrutiny and the Race-Gender Analogy: Juries and Education 0000 United States v. Virginia [The VMI Case] 0000 Discussion 0000 Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan 0000 Discussion 0000 Garrett v. Board of Education for the School District of the City of Detroit 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Discrimination Against Women of Color 0000 D. Intermediate Scrutiny, Title IX, and Sex Segregation in Education and Sports 0000 IV. Gender-Salient Policies Beyond the Reach of Heightened Scrutiny: When Do Policies Classify "on the Basis of" Sex? 0000 A. Criteria for Distinguishing Gender-Based and Gender-Neutral Policies 0000 1. Veterans' Preferences 0000 Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney 0000 Discussion 0000 2. Domestic Violence Policies 0000 Hynson v. City of Chester Legal Department 0000 Discussion 0000 3. Marital Rape 0000 4. Pregnancy 0000 Geduldig v. Aiello 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Differing Approaches to Pregnancy Discrimination under the Constitution and Federal Civil Rights Law 0000 Note: Abortion and Equal Protection 0000 Note: Fetal Abuse Prosecutions and the Problem of Intersectionality 0000 B. Pregnancy as a Justification for Sex-Differentiated Treatment of Men and Women 0000 Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County 0000 Discussion 0000 Frances Olsen, Statutory Rape: A Feminist Critique of Rights Analysis 0000 Note: Sex-Neutrality in Rape Laws 0000 Tuan Anh Nguyen v. INS 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Putative Parenthood 0000 C. Pregnancy and Sex Equality: Alternative Understandings 0000 Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs 0000 Discussion 0000 V. Gender in the Military: Constitutional Change Outside the Courts 0000 A. A Brief History of Women in the Military: The Combat Exclusion, Its Creation, and Erosion 0000 B. The Constitutionality of the Combat Exclusion 0000 C. The Draft 0000 Discussion 0000 VI. Affirmative Action 0000 Discussion 0000 VII. Other Suspect Bases of Classification 0000 City of Cleburne, Texas v. Cleburne Living Center 0000 Discussion 0000 VIII. Accommodation as a Norm: The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 0000 Discussion 0000 Chapter 8 Implied Fundamental Rights: The Constitution, the Family, and the Body I. Antecedents of Fundamental Rights Adjudication II. Methods of Fundamental Rights Adjudication A. The Birth of the Modern Era of Substantive Due Process Griswold v. Connecticut Discussion Note: Subsequent Decisions Regarding Marriage and Contraception Eisenstadt v. Baird III. Theories of Fundamental Rights Adjudication: A Basic Outline A. Conventional Morality (or Ethos) B. Rights-Based Theories C. Justifications for Government Regulation D. Criticisms of Fundamental Rights Adjudication 1. The Critique of Consensus or Conventional Morality 2. The Critique of Rights Theories 3. The Levels-of-Abstraction Problem 4. Lochnering Note: The Use of Foreign and International Sources in Constitutional Interpretation Roper v. Simmons Discussion IV. The Family and Other Living Arrangements Michael H. v. Gerald D. J.M. Balkin, Tradition, Betrayal, and the Politics of Deconstruction Discussion V. The Abortion Dilemma A. The Decision in Roe v. Wade Roe v. Wade Doe v. Bolton Discussion Note: Was Roe a Political Mistake? Discussion B. Abortion and the Equal Protection Clause Reva Siegel, Reasoning from the Body: A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection Discussion C. Decisions After Roe Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey Discussion Stenberg v. Carhart Discussion VI. Sexuality and Sexual Orientation A. Sexual Orientation and Privacy Bowers v. Hardwick Discussion Lawrence v. Texas Discussion B. Sexual Orientation and Equal Protection Romer v. Evans Discussion C. Sexual Orientation as a Suspect Classification Watkins v. United States Army High Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office Discussion Note: Freedom of Association and other Constitutional Limits to Civil Rights Protections for Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals Discussion D. Military Service 1. The History of Homosexuals in the Military 2. The Constitutionality of "Don't Ask Don't Tell" Thomasson v. Perry Discussion E. Same-Sex Marriage Goodridge v. Department of Public Health Discussion VII. Fundamental Rights in the Face of Death A. The Right to Refuse Treatment Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health Discussion B. "Assisted Suicide" Washington v. Glucksberg Vacco v. Quill Discussion Chapter 9 The Constitution in the Modern Welfare State 0000 I. Does the Constitution Prohibit a Welfare State? 0000 Discussion 0000 Lyng v. International Union, United Auto Workers 0000 Note: On "Neutrality" 0000 II. The Rise of the Modern Welfare State 0000 III. Does the Constitution Affirmatively Guarantee Any Welfare Rights? 0000 A. The Rights of Indigents in the Criminal Justice System 0000 B. The Creation of Fundamental Interests under the Equal Protection Clause 0000 Harper v. Virginia Bd. of Elections 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Protecting the Poor Through the Fourteenth Amendment 0000 C. Minimum Needs Rejected 0000 Dandridge v. Williams 0000 Discussion 0000 D. The Right to Education 0000 1. "Equal Provision" of Public Education 0000 San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez 0000 Discussion 0000 2. Is There a Right to Some Minimal Provision of Educational Resources? 0000 Plyler v. Doe 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: On the Enforceability of "Positive Rights" 0000 Discussion 0000 E. Does the State Have a "Duty to Rescue"? 0000 Deshaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services 0000 Discussion 0000 Castle Rock v. Gonzales 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: State Action in the Age of the Welfare State 0000 IV. The Procedural Due Process Protection of Entitlements and Other Nontraditional Property and Liberty Interests: The Basic Doctrine 0000 A. What Procedural Safeguards Are Due? 0000 Goldberg v. Kelly 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: To What Extent Does Goldberg Rest on Legal Formality? 0000 V. The Welfare State and Burdens on Interstate Mobility 0000 A. The Right to Travel as a Fundamental Right 0000 Shapiro v. Thompson 0000 B. The Right to Relocate 0000 C. Can the State Give More Welfare to Long-Time Residents Than to Newcomers? 0000 Discussion 0000 D. Congressional Consent 0000 E. The Court Reconsiders (and Reconceptualizes) Shapiro 0000 Saenz v. Roe 0000 Discussion 0000 VI. Conditioning Spending in the Welfare State - The Problem of Unconstitutional Conditions 0000 A. Introduction: Rights, Waivers, and Inducements to Change Behavior 0000 B. The Abortion Funding Cases 0000 Maher v. Roe 0000 Harris v. McRae 0000 Discussion 0000 C. Abortions and Public Hospital Facilities 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Further Reflections on the State's Control over Public Property 0000 D. Freedom of Speech in the Welfare State 0000 1. Can Congress Condition Tax Deductibility on Foregoing the Constitutional Right to Lobby? 0000 Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington 0000 Discussion 0000 2. Can Congress Impose Restrictions on What Can Be Said by Radio Stations Accepting Federal Subsidies? 0000 FCC v. League of Women Voters of California 0000 3. Can the State Prohibit Disclosing Information about Abortion as a Condition of Accepting Governmental Funding? 0000 Rust v. Sullivan 0000 4. Public Forums and Funding 0000 Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Subsidized Speech and Public Discourse 0000 Robert Post on "Subsidized Speech" 0000 Discussion 0000 5. Conceptualizing the Public Library 0000 Discussion 0000 6. Speech by Government Lawyers 0000 Discussion 0000 E. Religion in the Modern Welfare State 0000 1. Unemployment Compensation and Religious Commitments 0000 Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division 0000 Discussion 0000 2. Can Aid to Schools (or Parents) Be Conditioned on Offering (or Having Their Children Receive) Only a Secular Education? 0000 3. The "No-Aid" Paradigm in the Warren and Early Burger Courts 0000 Committee for Public Education & Liberty v. Nyquist 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: The Unsuccessful Search for Coherence Following Nyquist 0000 Laycock, A Survey of Religious Liberty in the United States 0000 4. The Court Moves Toward a New Paradigm Zelman v. Simmons-Harris 0000 Discussion 0000 5. The Welfare State and the Boundary Between Establishment and Free Exercise: What a State May Do Versus What It Must Do 0000 Locke v. Davey 0000 Discussion 0000 6. A Concluding Conundrum: Administering the Welfare State Through Religious Organizations 0000 Bowen v. Kendrick 0000 Discussion 0000 Note: Disaster Relief, the Welfare State, and the Establishment Clause 0000 Discussion 0000 Table of Justices 0000 Table of Cases 0000 Index 0000
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Constitutional law -- United States -- Cases.
Judicial review -- United States -- Cases.
Separation of powers -- United States -- Cases.