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Contents Table of cases Table of statutes Preface Map 1 Introduction 1.1 Role of the states 1.2 Constitutional relationship between the Commonwealth and the states 1.2.1 Commonwealth¿state financial relations 1.2.2 History of federal cooperation 1.2.3 Cooperative schemes 1.2.3.1 The reference power: s 51(xxxvii) 1.2.3.2 History of state referrals 1.2.3.3 Other legislative mechanisms of federal cooperation 1.2.3.4 Alternatives to the reference power 1.2.3.5 Criticism 1.2.4 Intergovernmental institutions and agreements 1.2.4.1 Council of Australian Governments 1.2.4.2 Treaties Council 1.2.4.3 Ministerial councils 1.2.4.4 Intergovernmental agreements 1.2.5 Reform 1.2.6 Secession 1.3 Role of the Territories 1.4 Reform agenda for the State and Territory Constitutions 1.4.1 Modernisation of State Constitutions 1.4.2 Entrenchment by manner and form 1.4.3 Bill of Rights 1.4.4 Reconciliation 1.4.5 Role of royal assent 1.4.6 Role of Legislative Councils 1.4.7 Appointment of Governors ands Administrators 1.4.8 Recognition of local government 1.5 Conclusion 2 Constitutional evolution of the states 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Autocratic rule 2.3 Legislative Council 2.4 Representative legislature 2.5 Responsible government 2.5.1 New South Wales 2.5.2 Van Diemen¿s Land/Tasmania 2.5.3 Western Australia 2.5.4 South Australia 2.5.5 Victoria 2.5.6 Queensland 2.5.7 New Zealand 2.6 Federation and statehood 2.6.1 Sections 106 and 107 2.7 Democratic accountability: sovereignty of the people 2.8 Termination of imperial power and restrictions: Australia Acts 1986 2.8.1 Legislative package 2.8.2 Reasons for dual legislation 2.9 The Future 3 The legislature 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Process of enacting laws 3.2.1 Process for ordinary Bills 3.2.2 Instructions for assent 3.2.3 Removal of Crown from legislative process 3.3 Parliamentary control of finance 3.3.1 Judicial review of financial procedures 3.4 Resolution of deadlocks 3.4.1 Deadlocks over financial Bills 3.4.2 Deadlocks over other Bills 3.4.3 Judicial review of legislative process 3.4.4 Judicial intervention in the legislative process 3.5 Parliamentary privilege 3.6 Parliamentary terms 3.7 Prorogation and dissolution 4 Legislative power 4.1 Introduction 4.2 State legislative power 4.2.1 Status of State Constitution as a local Act 4.2.2 A plenary power 4.2.3 Fundamental rights 4.3 Legislative power of self-governing territories 4.4 Doctrine of separation of powers 4.5 Restrictions on State power 4.6 Protection of democratic government 4.6.1 Parliament 4.6.2 Implied freedom of communication 4.6.2.1 Implication from State Constitutions 4.6.2.2 The territories 4.7 Conclusion 5 Repugnancy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Reception of English law in the Australian colonies 5.3 Paramount imperial law 5.4 Repugnancy to imperial law 5.5 Effect of Australia Acts 1986 5.6 Self-governing territories 6 Manner and form 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Qualification to parliamentary sovereignty 6.3 Justification for parliament to bind its successors 6.3.1 Prevent implied repeal 6.3.2 Restricting parliamentary sovereignty 6.4 The position in the Australian states 6.4.1 Section 6 Australia Acts 1986 (Cth) 6.4.1.1 The prerequisites of section 6 6.4.1.1.1 Manner and form can be in any Act 6.4.1.1.2 Provision binds only future laws 6.4.1.1.3 Mandatory requirements only are binding 6.4.1.1.4 Requirements must relate to process 6.4.1.1.5 Requirements must not abdicate power 6.4.1.2 Conclusion on section 6 Australia Acts 1986 6.4.2 Grounds outside section 6 Australia Acts 1986 (Cth) 6.4.2.1 Pre-CLVA position 6.4.2.2 Alternative grounds 6.4.2.2.1 Reconstituted legislature 6.4.2.2.2 The Principle of Bribery Commissioner v Ranasinghe 6.4.2.2.3 Section 106 Commonwealth Constitution 6.5 Entrenchment of manner and form provisions 6.5.1 Prerequisite for double entrenchment 6.5.2 Severance 6.6 Entrenchment under specific State Constitutions 6.6.1 New South Wales 6.6.2 Queensland 6.6.3 South Australia 6.6.4 Tasmania 6.6.5 Victoria 6.6.6 Western Australia 6.7 Position in the Territories 6.7.1 Australian Capital Territory 6.7.2 Northern Territory 6.7.3 Norfolk Island 6.8 The Commonwealth 6.9 Conclusion 7 Extraterritoriality 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Land boundaries 7.3 Sea boundaries 7.3.1 Regime under the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Cth) 7.3.2 1979 Commonwealth¿state offshore settlement 7.4 Concept of extraterritoriality 7.5 Legal foundation of restriction 7.6 Rationale for restriction 7.6.1 Australia Acts 1986 7.6.2 Incapacity to change another jurisdiction¿s law 7.6.3 Statutory presumption 7.7 Nature of a sufficient connection or nexus 7.8 Categories of extraterritoriality 7.8.1 Maritime laws 7.8.1.1 Coastal waters and territorial sea 7.8.1.2 High seas 7.8.1.3 Maritime boundaries between states 7.8.2 General criminal jurisdiction 7.8.2.1 Multiple or conflicting criminal jurisdictions 7.8.2.2 Crimes at sea 7.9 Extraterritoriality and choice of law rules 7.10 Inconsistent state laws: constitutional and legislative solutions 7.11 Court proceedings and extraterritoriality 7.12 Restriction on executive power 7.13 Section 92 restriction 7.14 Restriction on territories 8 Executive Power 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Responsible government 8.3 Executive structure 8.3.1 The Crown 8.3.2 Powers of the Queen 8.3.3 Role of Governors and Administrators 8.3.3.1 Office of Governor 8.3.3.2 Appointment 8.3.3.3 Tenure 8.3.3.4 Powers of Governor 8.3.3.4.1 Principal powers vested in Governor alone 8.3.3.4.2 Principal powers vested in Governor-in-Council 8.3.3.43 Powers vested in State Governors by Commonwealth Constitution 8.3.3.5 Reserve power 8.3.3.51 Appointment of Premier 8.3.3.5.2 Dismissal of Premier (a) Illegality (b) Loss of confidence/rejection of supply 8.3.3.5.3 Refusal of dissolution 8.3.3.5.4 Refusal to act on advice 8.3.3.5.5 Codification/abdication of reserve power 8.3.4 Executive Council and Governor-in-Council 8.3.5 Cabinet 8.3.6 Ministers of State 8.3.7 Premier and Chief Minister 8.3.8 Caretaker Governments 8.3.9 Reform 8.3.10 The position in the ACT 8.4 Scope of executive power 8.4.1 Royal prerogative powers 8.4.1.1 Source of royal prerogative power 8.4.1.2 Classification of prerogative powers 8.5.1.2.1 Domestic prerogatives 8.4.1.3 The self-governing territories 8.4.1.4 Judicial review of exercise of prerogative power 8.4.1.5 Statutory abrogation 8.4.1.6 Division of prerogatives between the Commonwealth, the states and the territories 8.4.2 Power to engage in contracts and business enterprises 8.4.3 Powers delegated to the Executive by parliament 9 Republic 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Forms of state republican systems 9.2.1 Title 9.2.2 Appointment 9.2.3 Removal 9.2.5 Powers and functions 9.2.6 Entrenchment 9.3 Legal obstacles to state republicanism 9.3.1 Section 7 Australia Acts 1986 9.3.2 Entrenchment of a monarchical system 9.4 A cocktail of republic and monarchy 9.5 Commonwealth power to impose state republics 9.5.1 Section 51(xxxviii) 9.5.2 Section 128 9.6 Conclusion 10 Judicial protection 10.1 Introduction 10.2 State judicial systems 10.3 State protection 10.3.1 Entrenched protection 10.3.2 Doctrine of separation of powers 10.4 Chapter III and the states 10.4.1 Commonwealth position 10.4.1.1 Commonwealth power can only be vested in s 71 courts 10.4.1.2 Non-judicial power cannot be vestedin s 71 courts 10.4.1.3 Commonwealth Parliament and the Executive cannot exercise judicial power 10.4.1.4 Comonwealth Parliament and the Executive cannot interfere in the exercise of judicial power 10.5 Chapter III restrictions on State power 10.5.1 Existence of Supreme Courts 10.5.2 Maintenance of ¿institutional integrity¿ 10.5.2.1 Application of Kable principle 10.5.2.2 Persona designata appointments of state judges 10.5.2.3 Interference with tenure of state judges 10.5.2.4 Incompatible interference in the judicial process 10.5.2.4.1 Specific directions to a court 10.5.2.4.2 A general interference 10.6 Conclusion on state judiciary 10.7 Territories 10.7.1 Northern Territory 10.7.2 Australian Capital Territory 10.7.3 Norfolk Island 10.7.4 Other external territories 10.8 Chapter III and the territories 10.8.1 The disjointed view 10.8.2 The integration view 10.8.2.1 Federal courts 10.8.2.2 Territory courts 10.9 Conclusion on territory judicial systems 11 Commonwealth territories¿ power 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The birth of Commonwealth territories 11.2.1 State surrender 11.2.2 Placement by the Queen and Commonwealth acceptance 11.2.3 Commonwealth acquisition 11.3 Nature of a territory 11.4 The seat of government 11.5 Commonwealth power over the territories 11.6 Status of Commonwealth territories 11.6.1 Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) 11.7 Restrictions on section 122 territories¿ power 11.7.1 Supporting a wide disjoinder 11.7.2 Rejecting/confining disjoinder 11.7.3 Characterisation of Commonwealth laws 11.8 Grant of self-government 11.9 Nature of legislative power of self-governing territories 11.10 Constitutional Restrictions 11.10.1 Restrictions on Commonwealth power 11.10.1.1 Section 116 freedom of religion 11.10.1.2 Implied freedom of political communication 11.10.1.3 Section 51(xxxi) 11.10.1.4 Section 55: restrictions on laws imposing taxation 11.10.2 Restrictions on self-governing territories 11.10.2.1 Section 90 11.10.2.2 Section 118: full faith and credit clause 11.10.2.3 Implied freedom of political communication 11.10.2.4 Section 109 11.10.3 Other restrictions on self-governing territories 11.10.3.1 Compulsory acquisition of property 11.10.3.2 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse 11.10.3.3 Euthanasia 11.11 Representation in the Commonwealth Parliament 11.12 Territory to statehood 11.13 Commonwealth surrender of a territory 12 Commonwealth territories 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Australian Capital Territory 12.2.1 Constitutional history 12.2.2 Self-government: structure and powers 12.2.2.1 Legislative Assembly 12.2.2.2 The Executive 12.2.2.3 The judiciary 12.2.3 Commonwealth control 12.2.4 The future 12.3 Jervis Bay Territory 12.4 Northern Territory 12.4.1 Constitutional history 12.4.2 Self-government: structure and powers 12.4.2.1 Legislative Assembly 12.4.2.2 The Executive 12.4.2.3 The judiciary 12.4.3 Commonwealth control 12.4.4 Constitutional guarantees 12.4.5 Financial arrangements 12.4.6 Representation 12.4.7 The future 12.5 External territories 12.6 Territory of Norfolk Island 12.6.1 Constitutional history 12.6.2 Self-government: structure and powers 12.6.2.1 Legislative Assembly 12.6.2.2 The Executive 12.6.2.3 The Judiciary 12.6.3 Legal regime 12.6.4 Commonwealth parliamentary representation 12.6.5 Norfolk electoral system 12.6.6 Referenda 12.6.7 Taxation regime 12.6.8 The future 12.6.9 Conclusion 12.7 Indian Ocean Territories: Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12.7.1 Territory of Christmas Island 12.7.2 Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12.8 Uninhabited Territories 12.8.1 Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands 12.8.2 Australian Antarctic Territory 12.8.3 Coral Sea Islands Territory 12.8.4 Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands 12.9 Former Territories 12.9.1 Papua New Guinea 12.9.2 Nauru Appendix 1 Constitutional Conventions Adopted by Resolution of the Australian Constitutional Convention, Brisbane 29 July ¿ 1 August 1985 Appendix 2 Northern Territory (Self-Government) Regulations 1978 ¿ Reg 4 Appendix 3 Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988 ¿ Schedule 4 Appendix 4 Ten Lessons from the Crisis over the Governor-General Dr Peter Hollingworth (May 2003) Index Table of cases [Take in from file supplied] Table of Statutes [Take in from file supplied]
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Constitutional law -- Australia -- States.
Constitutional law -- Australia -- Territories and possessions.