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1 Introduction: The Challenge of Nanotechnology Hunt, G and Mehta, M. Part One: Introducing Nanotechnology 2 Nanotechnology: From ¿Wow¿ to ¿Yuck¿? Kulinowski, K. 3 Nanotechnology: From Feynman to Funding Drexler, K.E. 4 Microsystems and Nanoscience for Biomedical Applications: A View to the Future. Pilarski L.M., Mehta M.D., Caulfield T., Kaler K.V.I.S. and Backhouse C.J. 5 Nanotechnoscience and Complexity: The Case for Nanology Hunt, G. Part Two: Regional Developments 6 Nanotechnologies in Japan Matsuda M., Hunt G. and Obayashi O. 7 Nanotechnologies in USA Mills, K. 8 Nanotechnologies in Europe Hunt, G. 9 Nanotechnologies in Canada Goldenberg, L. Part Three: Benefits and Risks 10 From Biotechnology to Nanotechnology: What Can We Learn from Earlier Technologies? Mehta, M.D. 11 Getting Nanotechnology Right the First Time Balbus, J., Denison, R., Florini, K., Walsh, S. 12 Risk Management and Regulation in an Emerging Technology. Clift, R. 13 Nanotechnology and nanoparticle toxicity: a case for precaution Howard, C.V. and Ikah, D.S.K. 14 The Future of Nanotechnology in Food Science and Nutrition: Can Science Predict its Safety? Pusztai, Á. and Bardocz, S. Part Four: Ethics and Public Understanding 15 The Global Ethics of Nanotechnology Hunt, G. 16 Going Public: Risk, Trust and the Public Understanding of Nanotechnologies Barnett, J., Carr, A. and Clift, R. 17 Dwarfing the Social? Nanotechnology Lessons from the Biotechnology Front Einsiedel E.F. and Goldenberg, L. Part Five: Law and Regulation 18 Nanotechnologies and the Law of Patents: A Collision Course Vaidhyanathan, S. 19 Nanotechnologies and Civil Liability Hannah, A. and Hunt, G. 20 Nanotechnologies and the Ethical Conduct of Research Involving Human Subjects Sheremeta, L. 21 Nanotechnologies and Corporate Criminal Liability Wells, C. and Elias, J. Conclusion: 22 What Makes Nanotechnology Special? Mehta, M and Hunt, G. Glossary Index List of Tables, Figures & Boxes Tables Table 7.1 NNI budget breakdowns by agency (dollars in millions) Table 8.1 2004 EU Consultation outcomes in health, environment etc Table 9.1 Government of Canada Recommended Domains for Nanotechnology R&D Table 9.2 Government of Canada Conceptualization of Nanotechnology R&D Stages Table 9.3 Enabling Technologies Funded by Technology Partnerships Canada Table 12.1 Some possible applications of nanotechnology Table 12. 2 The elements of current risk assessment Table 13.1 Classification of respirable particles Figures Fig 2.1 Objects of approximate size from 103 m to 10-9m Fig 13.1 PM10 and daily mortality from cities around the world. Expressed as a percentage change in daily mortality associated with a 10 ?g m-3 increase in PM10 Fig 13.2 Effects of ultrafine particles (UP) and fine particles (PM2.5) on mortality for prevalent diseases (total, cardiovascular, respiratory, others) Boxes Box 6.1 Japanese Attitude Survey Preface Until very recently most people associated nanotechnology with science fiction-based accounts which tended to focus on fantastical devices and applications. Due to recent developments in nanoscience (eg, greater control over atomic structure due in part to the atomic force microscope), nanotechnology has entered the commercial realm, and has simultaneously begun the journey of finding its space within the social imaginary. This book represents a leg of this journey. By exploring the risks and benefits of nano-derived processes and products, ¿Nanotechnology; Risk, Ethics and Law¿ considers the shifting social space that this technology currently occupies. By examining how nanotechnology has been introduced to a range of actors, this book explores how different governments in Europe, Japan, the United States of America, and Canada have responded to the nanotechnology revolution. Additionally, this book considers how experience with other technologies (eg, biotechnology) may influence how the general public, non-governmental organizations, scientists, regulators and legal communities around the world are likely to frame nanotechnology. Lastly, this book provides readers with a unique opportunity to think about the ethical and conceptual issues raised by the introduction and dissemination of this nanotechnology. In short, this book provides a platform for readers to conceptualize the multifaceted impacts of nanotechnology by pointing out several of the gaps in our collective understanding of how this transformative technology is shaping the topography of the 21st century. Geoffrey Hunt first developed an interest in nanotechnology in late 2002 when planning a visit to Japan to discuss the ethical implications of technological futures, and he put forward a tentative overview of nanotechnological possibilities in a presentation at the Seizon Institute, Tokyo in 2003. Hunt reciprocated with an invitation to Japanese colleagues and others the following year to a small international workshop that he organised on the subject at St Mary¿s College (a college of the University of Surrey), in Twickenham UK. It was on that occasion in April 2004 that Hunt and Mehta first met, and they formed the idea of this collection while taking a break along the river Thames at Teddington Lock. Dr Arthur Naylor, Principal of St Mary¿s was most generous in his support for this workshop. Rev. Michael Hayes and Dr David Jones of the college are to be warmly thanked for possessing the boldness and curiosity to support what at the time might have seemed to many others a rather peculiar and unlikely interest. The Wellcome Trust made the meeting financially possible, and we are deeply thankful for that. Taking what we thought might be the risk of a multidisciplinary Tower of Babel we were not only relieved but heartened by the efforts that contributors made to understand each other¿s disciplinary perspectives on and questions about a new field. At the Twickenham meeting we were fortunate to have contributions from Prof. Johnjoe McFadden (cell biology), Prof. John Hay (chemist), Dr Michael Hughes (biomechanics), and Dr Anna Carr (psychology), all from the University of Surrey. Prof. Matsuda Masami (public health), Prof. Morishita Naoki (philosophy) and Prof. Obayashi Masayuki (history of science) provided insights from Japanese technological, public health and cultural perspectives. Other contributors were Prof. Richard Strohman (molecular biology), Dr. Árp d Pusztai (gut biology), Mr. Alan Hannah (legal practice), Dr Harold Hillman (cell biology), Dr Susan Bardocz (biology), Mr Roger Higman (environmental protection), Hunt (philosophy) and Mehta (sociology), and there were theological and ethical perspectives from Rev Hayes and Dr Jones. Although only some of the original workshop participants appear in this volume all of them provided novel ideas and insights. Thanks to a travel grant from the Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation Hunt visited Japan in October 2005 and spoke on the subject at Kyoto Institute of Technology, at Tokyo University and at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), in the Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry, Tokyo at the invitation of Dr. Ata Masafumi, Senior Researcher in Nanotechnology Strategy. This meeting, one in an ongoing series, attracted over 50 representatives from government, industry and business and was reported in ¿Nikkei Nanotechnology¿. Such was the interest in the social and ethical dimension of nanotechnology that Hunt returned to Japan in March 2005, with a travel grant from the University of Surrey, and spoke on the subject at two more universities and at the Tsukuba branch of AIST at the invitation of Dr Abe Shuji, Deputy Director of the Nanotechnology Research Institute. The unswerving support and kindness of Prof. Matsuda Masami has made these busy itineraries in Japan run smoothly, with a little help from the speed and precision of the shinkansen (bullet train). Subsequent brief joint articles by Matsuda and Hunt in three Japanese journals introduced some specific questions of the social implications and risks of nanotechnology to the scientific and professional community in Japan. (Note that in this book, for Japanese names we have followed the Japanese convention of placing the family name first.) Hunt also wishes to record the support of his colleagues in the Nanotechnology Forum at the University of Surrey, especially Prof. Gary Stevens, who is a polymer scientist, and Prof. Roland Clift, pioneer of the life cycle approach to environmental management. Prof. Robin Attfield (environmental philosophy) and Prof. Steven Norris (cultural studies) provided opportunities for challenging questions at a Cardiff University seminar led by Hunt in November 2003. Michael Mehta¿s interest in nanotechnology began in 2001 upon being approached by an undergraduate student at the University of Saskatchewan named Crystal Wallin. Wallin encouraged Mehta to consider the links between nanotechnology and biotechnology and to eventually put together a grant application to fund research on how developments in nanotechnology were unfolding within Canada. This grant application was rejected by social science peer reviewers from one of Canada¿s major federal granting agencies with the observation that one cannot study nanotechnology since it is nothing more than ¿science fiction.¿ This spurred Mehta to develop an active program of research on the social impacts of nanotechnology. Mehta is one of the few academics in Canada to explore the social and ethical dimensions of nanotechnology. He has presented his work in this area in many parts of the world: Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Iceland, and Singapore. His presentations have been on a wide array of topics including expanding the research base on risk perception and risk communication to incorporate nanotechnology, the impact of nanotechnology on the enterprise of science, the role of technological convergence as a driver of regulatory reform, nano ethics, nanomedicine and its ethical and social challenges, nanotechnology and surveillance, nanotechnology and its anticipated economic impacts, and the lessons that can be learned from biotechnology and nuclear technology to assist in predicting the challenges posed by nanotechnology. With Dr. Linda Pilarski from the University of Alberta and others, Mehta shares a CAD$1.5 million grant (2003-2008) from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) to explore the social, ethical and legal issues related to the development and use of microfluidic devices for genetic analysis. The objective of this project is to develop microfluidics-based platforms having photolithographically defined networks of microchannels whose versatility has led to terms such as ¿lab on a chip.¿ These platforms are able to sort cells and analyze their genomic profiles, individual genes, chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA, thereby bringing the benefits of the genomics and proteomics revolutions to the clinic. These novel, integrated microfluidic platforms will implement microsystems and nanoscience to develop automated, real time multiplex cell manipulation and genetic analysis. Mehta¿s role in this project is to: (1) assess how Canadians understand issues related to health information, genetic testing, and privacy; (2) assess how medical practitioners (oncologists) in Canada perceive the use of microfluidic platform technologies for clinical applications; and to, (3) hold consensus conferences on the risks and benefits associated with the use of microfluidic platform technologies for non-clinical purposes. In all likelihood this innovation will be the first available consumer application of a medical device that incorporates nanotechnology. Mehta wishes to thank Zaheer Baber, Timothy Caulfield, Abdallah Daar, Edna Einsiedel, Linda Goldenberg, Jose Lopez, Chris MacDonald, Lori Sheremeta, Peter Singer, Crystal Wallin, and Gregor Wolbring for the intellectual stimulation and debate over the years. Together we are the nanotechnology and society cohort that has helped make Canada a significant player in this field of inquiry. Mehta also wishes to thank his spouse Kathy Edwards for her assistance with this book. Kathy did much of the original formatting to get the manuscript ready for peer review. Chapters 2, 3, 4, 10 and 17 come from a special issue on nanotechnology of the Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society (February 2004). That issue of the journal, co-edited by Michael Mehta and Zaheer Baber, included several other contributions that add to a slowly accumulating literature in nanotechnology within the Science, Technology and Society field. Chapter 20 by Lori Sheremeta is drawn from a special issue on nanotechnology of the Health Law Review (Fall 2004). Chapter 11, John Balbus et al, ¿Getting Nanotechnology Right the First Time,¿ is reprinted with permission from Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 2005, pp65-71, copyright 2005 by the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA. All remaining contributions in this volume have been originally commissioned for this book. Responsibility for the views expressed in this volume lies only with the co-editors and the individual contributors. Geoffrey Hunt, Guildford, UK Michael Mehta, Saskatoon, Canada Acronyms and Abbreviations AIST National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan ANSI American National Standards Institute ANSI-NSP ANSI Nanotechnology Standards Panel ATP Adenosine triphosphate BANJAN Ban Asbestos Network Japan BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy C4I Collective command, control, communications, coordination and information CAD$ Canadian dollars CBAC Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee CBEN Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons CFI Canada Foundation for Innovation CFIA Canadian Food Inspection Agency CGIAR Consultative Group in Agricultural Research CHN Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing, Northeastern University CIHR Canadian Institutes of Health Research CHISEL Criticality, holism, interaction, self-organization, emergence and long- termism CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease CO2 Carbon Dioxide CRN Centre for Responsible Nanotechnology, USA CRTI Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Research & Technology Initiative (Canada) CSR Corporate social responsibility DHS Department of Homeland Security, USA DJSI Dow Jones Sustainability Index DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DOD Department of Defence, USA DOE Department of Energy, USA DOJ Department of Justice, USA DTI Department of Trade and Industry, UK EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank ELSI Ethical, legal and social implications ENP Engineered nanoparticle ELV End-of-Life Vehicles directive, EU EPA Environmental Protection Agency, USA ESRC Economic & Social Research Council, UK ETC Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (Formerly known as the Rural Advancement Foundation International) EU European Union FCCA Frontier Carbon Corporation America FDA Food and Drug Administration, USA FY Fiscal Year GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GMF Genetically modified food GRAS Generally recognized (or regarded) as safe HHS Health and Human Services, USA HIV Human immunodeficiency virus IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICC International Criminal Court ICON International Council on Nanotechnology ICT Information and communications technology ILO International Labour Organisation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPO Initial public offering IT Information technology IVF In vitro fertilisation JOSHRC Japan Occupational Safety and Health Resource Centre LCA Life Cycle Assessment MEMS Micro-electro-mechanical systems MMR Measles, mumps, rubella vaccination MnHPO4 Manganese phosphate MWCNTs Multi-walled carbon nanotubes NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA NBIC Nanoscience, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science NCNST The National Centre for NanoScience and Technology, China NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NINT National Institute for Nanotechnology, Canada NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA NNI National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA NNIN National Nanofabrication Infrastructure Network, USA NONS Notification of New Substances NPU Net Protein Utilization NRC National Research Council, Canada NSERC National Science & Engineering Research Council, Canada NSF National Science Foundation, USA NSRC Nanoscale Science Research Centers, USA NSTC National Science and Technology Council, USA OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PBDE Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl PET Polyethylene terephthalate PM Particulate matter PNTs Plants with novel traits PPB Polybrominated biphenyls RAC Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee of the National Institute of Health, Canada RAEng Royal Academy of Engineering, UK R&D Research and Development RCEP Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, UK REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restrictions of Chemicals rBST Recombinant bovine somatotropine RoHS Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, EU RS Royal Society, UK SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome S&T Science and technology SiO2 Silicon dioxide, silica SMEs Small and medium enterprises STM Scanning tunneling microscope TB Tuberculosis TCP Technology Partnerships Canada TCPS Tri-Council Policy Statement on the Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, Canada TEM Transmission electron microscope TiO2 Titanium dioxide TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TSA Transportation Security Administration, USA TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act, USA UFP Ultra Fine Particle UK United Kingdom UN United Nations USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USPTO United States Patent and Trademark Office vCJD Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive, EU WHO World Health Organisation WWF World Wildlife Fund WTO World Trade Organization
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Nanotechnology -- Moral and ethical aspects.
Nanotechnology -- Social aspects.
Nanotechnology -- Law and legislation.