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CONTENTS Preface PART 1 FOUNDATIONS EXPLORING THE HEAVENS An Introduction to Astronomy 2 E.1 The "Obvious" View 4 E.2 Earth's Orbital Motion 7 - More Precisely E-1 Angular Measure 9 - Animation/Video Summer and Winter Solstice 10 - Animation/Video The Equinoxes 11 - Animation/Video The Earth's Seasons 11 E.3 The Motion of the Moon 12 - Tutorial Phases of the Moon 13 - Animation/Video Solar Eclipse in Indiana 15 E.4 The Measurement of Distance 17 - More Precisely E-2 Measuring Distances with Geometry 18 E.5 Scientific Theory and the Scientific Method 19 - Discovery E-1 Sizing up Planet Earth 20 Chapter Review 22 1 THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION The Birth of Modern Science 24 1.1 The Motions of the Planets 26 - Animation/Video Retrograde Motion of Mars 26 - Animation/Video Geocentric Solar System 27 - Animation/Video Heliocentric Solar System 28 1.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy 29 1.3 The Laws of Planetary Motion 31 1.4 Newton's Laws 35 - Animation/Video Thought-Experiment at Pisa 35 - Animation/Video Earth Captures a Temporary Moon 37 - More Precisely 1-1 Weighing the Sun 39 Chapter Review 40 2 LIGHT AND MATTER The Inner Workings of the Cosmos 42 2.1 Information from the Skies 44 - Animation/Video Infrared Image of Comet Fragment Impact with Jupiter 44 2.2 Waves in What? 46 2.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 48 2.4 Thermal Radiation 51 - More Precisely 2-1 The Kelvin Temperature Scale 51 - Tutorial Continuous Spectra and Blackbody Radiation 52 2.5 Spectroscopy 55 - Tutorial Emission Spectra 55 - Tutorial Absorption Spectra 57 2.6 The Formation of Spectral Lines 58 - Animation/Video Classical Hydrogen Atom I 60 - Animation Classical Hydrogen Atom II 60 2.7 The Doppler Effect 63 - Animation/Video Doppler Video 64 2.8 Spectral-Line Analysis 65 Chapter Review 65 3 TELESCOPES The Tools of Astronomy 00 3.1 Optical Telescopes 00 - Tutorial The Optics of a Simple Lens 00 - Tutorial Chromatic Aberration 00 - Tutorial Reflecting Telescopes 00 - Discovery 3-1 The Hubble Space Telescope 00 3.2 Telescope Size 00 3.3 High-Resolution Astronomy 00 - Animation/Video Hubble Space Telescope in Orbit 00 3.4 Radio Astronomy 00 3.5 Other Astronomies 00 - Animation/Video Chandra Light and Data Paths Chapter Review 00 PART 2 OUR PLANETARY SYSTEM 4 THE SOLAR SYSTEM Interplanetary Matter and the Birth of the Planets 00 4.1 An Inventory of the Solar System 000 - Animation/Video An Astronomical Ruler - Animation/Video Size and Scale of the Terrestrial Planets 1 - Animation/Video The Gas Giants 4.2 Interplanetary Matter 000 - Discovery 4.1 What Killed the Dinosaurs? - Animation/Video Anatomy of a Comet Part 1 Animation/Video Anatomy of a Comet Part II - Animation/Video Comet Hale-Bopp Nucleus Animation - Animation/Video Meteor Near Orion - Animation/Video Asteriod Comet Breakup - Animation/Video Infrared Image of Comet Fragment Impact with Jupiter - Animation/Video Daytime Passage of a Meteor Fireball - Animation/Video Beta Pictoris Warp 4.3 The Formation of the Solar System 000 - More Precisely 4-1 The Concept of Angular Momentum 000 - Animation/Video Orion Nebula Animation - Animation/Video Solar System Formation 4.4 Planets Beyond the Solar System 000 Chapter Review 000 5 EARTH AND ITS MOON Our Cosmic Backyard 132 5.1 Earth and the Moon in Bulk 134 5.2 The Tides 135 - More Precisely 5-1 Why Air Sticks Around 138 5.3 Atmospheres 139 - Tutorial Atmospheric Lifetimes 140 - Tutorial The Greenhouse Effect 140 - Animation/Video Seasonal Changes on the Earth 140 - Discovery 5-1 Earth's Growing Ozone Hole 141 - Discovery 5-2 The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 142 5.4 Interiors 143 5.5 Surface Activity on Earth 146 5.6 The Surface of the Moon 149 - Animation/Video One Small Step 149 - Animation/Video Photographs of Full Rotation of the Moon 150 5.7 Magnetospheres 153 - Animation/Video Northern and Southern Lights 154 5.8 History of the Earth-Moon System 155 Chapter Review 157 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS A Study in Contrasts 160 6.1 Orbital and Physical Properties 162 6.2 Rotation Rates 163 - Animation/Video Transit of Mercury 163 6.3 Atmospheres 165 6.4 The Surface of Mercury 167 6.5 The Surface of 168 6.6 The Surface of Mars 171 - Animation/Video Composite Image of Mars 171 - Animation/Video Mars Polar Cap 171 - Discovery 6-1 Martian Canals? 172 6.7 Internal Structure and Geological History 180 - Discovery 6-2 Life on Mars? 182 6.8 Atmospheric Evolution on Earth, Venus, and Mars 184 Chapter Review 187 7 THE JOVIAN PLANETS Giants of the Solar System 190 7.1 Observations of Jupiter and Saturn 192 - More Precisely 7-1 Gravitational "Slingshots" 193 7.2 The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune 194 7.3 Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets 195 - Tutorial Jupiter-Differential Rotation 197 7.4 Jupiter's Atmosphere 198 7.5 The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds 201 - Animation/Video Saturn Storm 202 7.6 Jovian Interiors 204 - Animation/Video The Gas Giants Part II 206 - Discovery 7-1 A Cometary Impact 207 - Animation/Video Strange X-Ray Pulses from Jupiter 208 Chapter Review 210 8 MOONS, RINGS, AND PLUTO Small Worlds Among Giants 000 8. 1 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter 000 - Animation/Video Galileo Flyby of Io 000 - Animation/Video Io Cutaway 000 - Animation/Video Jupiter's Moon Europa 000 - Animation/Video Jupiter's Moon Ganymede 000 8.2 The Large Moons of Saturn and Neptune 000 8.3 The Medium-Sized Jovian Moons 000 8.4 Planetary Rings 000 - Animation/Video Voyager Ring Spokes Animation 000 8.5 Pluto and Its Moon 000 - Animation/Video Pluto Viewed by HST 8.6 Is Pluto a Planet? 000 Chapter Review 000 PART 3 THE STARS 000 9 THE SUN Our Parent Star 000 9.1 The Sun in Bulk 000 - Tutorial Super Spaceship-Voyage to the Sun - Discovery 9-1 SOHO: Eavesdropping on the Sun 9.2 The Solar Interior 000 9.3 The Solar Atmosphere 000 9.4 The Active Sun 000 - Animation/Video May 12, 1997 Solar Flare Event - Animation/Video Eruption of a Solar Active Region 9.5 The Heart of the Sun 000 - More Precisely 9-1 The Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces 000 - Animation/Video Tritium-Helium Fusion - More Precisely 9-2 Energy Generation in the Proton-Proton Chain Chapter Review 000 10 MEASURING THE STARS Giants, Dwarfs, and the Main Sequences 000 10.1 The Solar Neighborhood 000 - Discovery 10-1 Naming the Stars 000 10.2 Luminosity and Apparent Brightness 000 - More Precisely 10-1 More on the Magnitude Scale 000 10.3 Stellar Temperatures 000 10.4 Stellar Sizes 000 10.5 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 000 - More Precisely 10-2 Estimating Stellar Radii 000 - Tutorial Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 10.6 Extending the Cosmic Distance Scale 000 10.7 Stellar Masses 000 - Tutorial Binary Stars-Radial Velocity - Tutorial Eclipsing Binary Stars-Light Curves - More Precisely 10-3 Measuring Stellar Masses in Binary Stars 000 Chapter Review 000 11 THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM Star Formation in the Milky Way 000 11.1 Interstellar Matter 000 11.2 Star-Formation Regions 000 - Discovery 11-1 Ultraviolet Astronomy and the "Local Bubble" 292 11. 3 Dark Dust Clouds - Animations/Videos M16 The Eagle Nebula - Animations/Videos Gaseous Pillars of Star Birth 11.4 The Formation of Stars Like the Sun 000 - Animations/Videos Orion Nebula Mosaic - Animations/Videos Bi-Polar Outflow 11.5 Stars of Other Masses 11.6 Star Clusters Chapter Review 000 12 STELLAR EVOLUTION The Lives and Deaths of Stars 12.1 Leaving the Main Sequence 000 12.2 Evolution of a Sun-like Star 000 - More Precisely 12-1 The CNO Cycle 000 12. 3 The Death of a Low-Mass Star 000 - Animations/Videos Death of the Sun Part I - Animations/Videos Death of the Sun Part II - Animations/Videos Helix Nebula Animation - Animations/Videos Bi-Polar Planetary Nebula - Animation/Video H-R Diagram Tracks Stellar Evolution - Animation/Video Evolution of a 1-Solar Mass Star - Tutorial Evolution of a 1 Solar-Mass Star - Animations/Videos Recurrent Nova 12. 4 Evolution of Stars More Massive than the Sun 000 12. 5 Supernova Explosions 000 - Animations/Videos Supernova Explosions 12.6 Observing Stellar Evolution in Star Clusters 000 12.7 The Cycle of Stellar Evolution - Discovery 12-1 Supernova 1987A 000 Chapter Review 000 13 NEUTRON STARS AND BLACK HOLES Strange States of Matter 000 13.1 Neutron Stars 000 13.2 Pulsars 000 13.3 Neutron-Star Binaries 000 13.4 Gamma-Ray Bursts 000 - Discovery 13-1 Gravity Waves-A New Window on the Universe 13.5 Black Holes 000 - Tutorial Escape Speed and Black Hole Event Horizons 13.6 Einstein's Theories of Relativity 000 - More Precisely 13-1 Special Relativity 000 13.7 Space Travel Near Black Holes 000 - More Precisely 13-2 Tests of General Relativity 13.8 Observational Evidence for Black Holes - Animations/Videos Black Hole Geometry Chapter Review 000 PART 4 GALAXIES AND THE UNIVERSE 000 14 THE MILKY WAY GALAXY A Grand Design 000 14.1 Our Parent Galaxy 000 14.2 Measuring the Milky Way 000 - Animations/Videos Cepheid Star in Distant Galaxy 14.3 Galactic Structure 000 - Discovery 14-1 Early Computers 000 14.4 The Formation of the Milky Way 000 14.5 Galactic Spiral Arms 000 14.6 The Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy 000 - Discovery 14-2 Density Waves 000 - Tutorial Gravitational Lensing 14.7 The Galactic Center 000 - Animations/Videos Stellar Motion in Center of Milky Way; Proof of a Black Hole? Chapter Review 000 15 NORMAL AND ACTIVE GALAXIES Building Blocks of the Universe 000 15. 1 Hubble's Galaxy Classification 000 15.2 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space 15.3 Hubble's Law 15.4 Active Galactic Nuclei - More Precisely 15-1 Relativistic Redshifts and Look-Back Time - Animations and Videos Birth of a Quasar 15.5 The Central Engine of an Active Galaxy - Animations/Videos Active Galaxy - Animations/Videos Cosmic Jets - Animations/Videos Black Hole in Galaxy M87 - Animations/Videos Supermassive Black Hole Chapter Review 16 GALAXIES AND DARK MATTER The Large-Scale Structure of the Cosmos 000 16.1 Dark Matter in the Universe - Animations/Videos Dark Matter 16.2 Galaxy Collisions - Animations/Videos Collision of Two Spiral Galaxies 16.3 Galaxy Formation and Evolution - Animations/Videos Starburst Galaxy - Animations/Videos Hubble Deep Field Zoom Sequence 16.4 Black Holes and Active Galaxies - Animations/Videos Interacting Galaxies 16.5 The Universe on Very Large Scales - Animations/Videos Cluster Merger - Discovery 16-1 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey - Animations/Videos Gravitational Lensing Chapter Review 17 COSMOLOGY The Big Bang and the Fate of the Universe 000 17.1 The Universe on the Largest Scales 000 17.2 The Expanding Universe 000 17.3 Cosmic Dynamics and the Geometry of Space 000 - More Precisely 17-1 Curved Space 17.4 The Fate of the Cosmos 000 - Discovery 17-1 Einstein and the Cosmological Constant 17.5 The Early Universe 17.6 The Formation of Nuclei and Atoms 17.7 Cosmic Inflation 17.8 The Formation of Large-Scale Structure in the Universe - Animations/Videos Cosmic Structure Chapter Review 18 LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE Are We Alone? 000 18.1 Cosmic Evolution 18.2 Life in the Solar System 18.3 Intelligent Life in the Galaxy 18.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Chapter Review Appendices A1 Appendix 1: Scientific Notion A-1 Appendix 2: Astronomical Measurement A-2 Appendix 3: Tables A-3 Glossary G-1 Answers to Concept Check Questions AK-1 Answers to Self-Test Questions AK-1 Index I-1 Star Charts S-1
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Astronomy -- Textbooks.