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Table of Contents Preface to the Third Edition xxix Part 1 Overview of Data Communications and Networking 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS 3 Components 4 Data Representation 5 Direction of Data Flow 6 1.2 NETWORKS 8 Distributed Processing 8 Network Criteria 8 Physical Structures 8 Categories of Networks 13 1.3 THE INTERNET 15 A Brief History 15 The Internet Today 16 1.4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 18 Protocols 18 Standards 18 Standards Organizations 19 Internet Standards 20 1.5 KEY TERMS 20 1.6 SUMMARY 21 1.7 PRACTICE SET 22 Review Questions 22 Multiple-Choice Questions 23 Exercises 25 Chapter 2 Network Models 27 2.1 LAYERED TASKS 27 Sender, Receiver, and Carrier 27 Hierarchy 28 Services 29 2.2 INTERNET MODEL 29 Peer-to-Peer Processes 30 Functions of Layers 31 Summary of Layers 39 2.3 OSI MODEL 40 2.4 KEY TERMS 41 2.5 SUMMARY 41 2.6 PRACTICE SET 42 Review Questions 42 Multiple-Choice Questions 42 Exercises 44 Part 2 Physical Layer 45 Chapter 3 Signals 49 3.1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL 49 Analog and Digital Data 49 Analog and Digital Signals 49 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals 50 3.2 ANALOG SIGNALS 50 Sine Wave 51 Phase 54 Examples of Sine Waves 54 Time and Frequency Domains 54 Composite Signals 56 Bandwidth 59 3.3 DIGITAL SIGNALS 62 Bit Interval and Bit Rate 62 Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal 63 Digital Signal Through a Wide-Bandwidth Medium 63 Digital Signal Through a Band-Limited Medium 63 Digital versus Analog Bandwidth 65 Higher Bit Rate 66 3.4 ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL 66 Low-pass versus Band-pass 66 Digital Transmission 66 Analog Transmission 67 3.5 DATA RATE LIMITS 67 Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate 67 Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity 68 Using Both Limits 69 3.6 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT 69 Attenuation 69 Distortion 71 Noise 71 3.7 MORE ABOUT SIGNALS 72 Throughput 72 Propagation Speed 72 Propagation Time 73 Wavelength 73 3.8 KEY TERMS 74 3.9 SUMMARY 75 3.10 PRACTICE SET 75 Review Questions 75 Multiple-Choice Questions 76 Exercises 80 Chapter 4 Digital Transmission 85 4.1 LINE CODING 85 Some Characteristics of Line Coding 85 Line Coding Schemes 88 Some Other Schemes 94 4.2 BLOCK CODING 95 Steps in Transformation 96 Some Common Block Codes 97 4.3 SAMPLING 98 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 99 Pulse Code Modulation 99 Sampling Rate: Nyquist Theorem 101 How Many Bits per Sample? 102 Bit Rate 103 4.4 TRANSMISSION MODE 103 Parallel Transmission 104 Serial Transmission 104 4.5 KEY TERMS 107 4.6 SUMMARY 108 4.7 PRACTICE SET 108 Review Questions 108 Multiple-Choice Questions 109 Exercises 112 Chapter 5 Analog Transmission 115 5.1 MODULATION OF DIGITAL DATA 115 Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion 116 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 117 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 120 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 122 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 125 Bit/Baud Comparison 127 5.2 TELEPHONE MODEMS 128 Modem Standards 130 5.3 MODULATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS 133 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 134 Frequency Modulation (FM) 136 Phase Modulation (PM) 138 5.4 KEY TERMS 138 5.5 SUMMARY 139 5.6 PRACTICE SET 140 Review Questions 140 Multiple-Choice Questions 141 Exercises 145 Chapter 6 Multiplexing 149 6.1 FDM 150 Multiplexing Process 151 Demultiplexing Process 151 The Analog Hierarchy 153 Other Applications of FDM 155 Implementation 155 6.2 WDM 155 6.3 TDM 157 Time Slots and Frames 157 Interleaving 158 Synchronizing 160 Bit Padding 161 Digital Signal (DS) Service 162 T Lines 163 Inverse TDM 165 More TDM Applications 165 6.4 KEY TERMS 166 6.5 SUMMARY 166 6.6 PRACTICE SET 167 Review Questions 167 Multiple-Choice Questions 167 Exercises 169 Chapter 7 Transmission Media 173 7.1 GUIDED MEDIA 174 Twisted-Pair Cable 174 Coaxial Cable 177 Fiber-Optic Cable 179 7.2 UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS 184 Radio Waves 186 Microwaves 188 Infrared 189 7.3 KEY TERMS 190 7.4 SUMMARY 190 7.5 PRACTICE SET 191 Review Questions 191 Multiple-Choice Questions 192 Exercises 195 Chapter 8 Circuit Switching and Telephone Network 197 8.1 CIRCUIT SWITCHING 197 Space-Division Switch 199 Time-Division Switch 201 TDM Bus 203 Space- and Time-Division Switch Combinations 203 8.2 TELEPHONE NETWORK 204 Major Components 204 LATAs 205 Making a Connection 207 Analog Services 208 Digital Services 209 A Brief History 210 8.3 KEY TERMS 211 8.4 SUMMARY 211 8.5 PRACTICE SET 212 Review Questions 212 Multiple-Choice Questions 213 Exercises 215 Chapter 9 High-Speed Digital Access: DSL, Cable Modems, and SONET 219 9.1 DSL TECHNOLOGY 219 ADSL 219 Other DSL Technologies 222 9.2 CABLE MODEM 223 Traditional Cable Networks 223 HFC Network 224 Sharing 226 CM and CMTS 226 Data Transmission Schemes: DOCSIS 227 9.3 SONET 228 SONET Devices 229 SONET Frame 229 Frame Transmission 230 Synchronous Transport Signals 230 STS-1 230 Virtual Tributaries 231 Higher-Rate Services 232 9.4 KEY TERMS 232 9.5 SUMMARY 233 9.6 PRACTICE SET 234 Review Questions 234 Multiple-Choice Questions 234 Exercises 237 Part 3 Data Link Layer 239 Chapter 10 Error Detection and Correction 243 10.1 TYPES OF ERRORS 243 Single-Bit Error 243 Burst Error 244 10.2 DETECTION 245 Redundancy 245 Parity Check 246 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 249 Checksum 253 10.3 ERROR CORRECTION 256 Error Correction by Retransmission 256 Forward Error Correction 256 Burst Error Correction 260 10.4 KEY TERMS 260 10.5 SUMMARY 261 10.6 PRACTICE SET 261 Review Questions 261 Multiple-Choice Questions 262 Exercises 265 Chapter 11 Data Link Control and Protocols 267 11.1 FLOW AND ERROR CONTROL 267 Flow Control 267 Error Control 268 Flow and Error Control Mechanisms 268 11.2 STOP-AND-WAIT ARQ 268 Operation 269 Bidirectional Transmission 272 11.3 GO-BACK-N ARQ 272 Sequence Numbers 273 Sender Sliding Window 273 Receiver Sliding Window 274 Control Variables 274 Timers 274 Acknowledgment 275 Resending Frame 275 Operation 275 Sender Window Size 277 Bidirectional Transmission and Piggybacking 277 11.4 SELECTIVE REPEAT ARQ 278 Sender and Receiver Windows 278 Operation 278 Sender Window Size 279 Bidirectional Transmission and Piggybacking 280 Bandwidth-Delay Product 280 Pipelining 281 11.5 HDLC 281 Configurations and Transfer Modes 281 Frames 282 Frame Format 282 Frame Type 283 Examples 287 Data Transparency 288 11.6 KEY TERMS 290 11.7 SUMMARY 290 11.8 PRACTICE SET 291 Review Questions 291 Multiple-Choice Questions 291 Exercises 293 Chapter 12 Point-to-Point Access: PPP 295 12.1 POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 295 Frame Format 295 Transition States 296 12.2 PPP STACK 297 Link Control Protocol (LCP) 297 Authentication Protocols 300 Network Control Protocol (NCP) 302 An Example 304 12.3 KEY TERMS 305 12.4 SUMMARY 305 12.5 PRACTICE SET 305 Review Questions 305 Multiple-Choice Questions 306 Exercises 308 Chapter 13 Multiple Access 311 13.1 RANDOM ACCESS 311 Multiple Access (MA) 312 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 314 CSMA/CD 315 CSMA/CA 316 13.2 CONTROLLED ACCESS 317 Reservation 318 Polling 318 Token Passing 319 13.3 CHANNELIZATION 320 FDMA 321 TDMA 321 CDMA 321 13.4 KEY TERMS 326 13.5 SUMMARY 326 13.6 PRACTICE SET 327 Review Questions 327 Multiple-Choice Questions 327 Exercises 330 Chapter 14 Local Area Networks: Ethernet 333 14.1 TRADITIONAL ETHERNET 334 MAC Sublayer 334 Physical Layer 337 Physical Layer Implementation 339 Bridged Ethernet 341 Switched Ethernet 342 Full-Duplex Ethernet 343 14.2 FAST ETHERNET 344 Mac Sublayer 344 Physical Layer 345 Physical Layer Implementation 346 14.3 GIGABIT ETHERNET 350 MAC Sublayer 350 Physical Layer 350 Physical Layer Implementation 351 14.4 KEY TERMS 354 14.5 SUMMARY 355 14.6 PRACTICE SET 356 Review Questions 356 Multiple-Choice Questions 356 Exercises 358 Chapter 15 Wireless LANs 361 15.1 IEEE 802.11 361 Architecture 361 Physical Layer 363 MAC Layer 365 Addressing Mechanism 370 15.2 BLUETOOTH 372 Architecture 373 Bluetooth Layers 374 Radio Layer 375 Baseband Layer 375 L2CAP 378 Other Upper Layers 379 15.3 KEY TERMS 380 15.4 SUMMARY 380 15.5 PRACTICE SET 381 Review Questions 381 Multiple-Choice Questions 381 Exercises 385 Chapter 16 Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual LANs 387 16.1 CONNECTING DEVICES 387 Repeaters 387 Hubs 389 Bridges 390 Two-Layer Switch 396 Router and Three-Layer Switches 396 16.2 BACKBONE NETWORKS 396 Bus Backbone 397 Star Backbone 398 Connecting Remote LANs 398 16.3 VIRTUAL LANS 399 Membership 401 Configuration 402 Communication Between Switches 403 IEEE Standard 403 Advantages 403 16.4 KEY TERMS 404 16.5 SUMMARY 404 16.6 PRACTICE SET 405 Review Questions 405 Multiple-Choice Questions 405 Exercises 407 Chapter 17 Cellular Telephone and Satellite Networks 409 17.1 CELLULAR TELEPHONY 409 Frequency-Reuse Principle 409 Transmitting 410 Receiving 411 Handoff 411 Roaming 411 First Generation 411 Second Generation 412 Third Generation 419 17.2 SATELLITE NETWORKS 420 Orbits 420 Footprint 421 Three Categories of Satellites 422 GEO Satellites 423 MEO Satellites 424 LEO Satellites 425 17.3 KEY TERMS 428 17.4 SUMMARY 428 17.5 PRACTICE SET 429 Review Questions 429 Multiple-Choice Questions 429 Exercises 433 Chapter 18 Virtual Circuit Switching: Frame Relay and ATM 435 18.1 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT SWITCHING 435 Global Addressing 436 Virtual Circuit Identifier 436 Three Phases 436 Data Transfer Phase 437 Setup Phase 437 Teardown Phase 440 18.2 FRAME RELAY 441 Architecture 442 Frame Relay Layers 443 FRADs 444 VOFR 445 LMI 445 Congestion Control and Quality of Service 446 18.3 ATM 446 Design Goals 446 Problems 446 Architecture 449 Switching 452 ATM Layers 453 Congestion Control and Quality of Service 459 ATM LANs 459 18.4 KEY TERMS 460 18.5 SUMMARY 460 18.6 PRACTICE SET 461 Review Questions 461 Multiple-Choice Questions 462 Exercises 464 Part 4 Network Layer 467 Chapter 19 Host-to-Host Delivery: Internetworking, Addressing, and Routing 471 19.1 INTERNETWORKS 471 Need for Network Layer 472 Internet as a Packet-Switched Network 474 Internet as a Connectionless Network 476 19.2 ADDRESSING 477 Internet Address 477 Classful Addressing 479 Subnetting 486 Supernetting 490 Classless Addressing 491 Dynamic Address Configuration 492 Network Address Translation (NAT) 494 19.3 ROUTING 497 Routing Techniques 497 Static versus Dynamic Routing 499 Routing Table for Classful Addressing 500 Routing Table for Classless Addressing: CIDR 501 19.4 KEY TERMS 503 19.5 SUMMARY 503 19.6 PRACTICE SET 504 Review Questions 504 Multiple-Choice Questions 505 Exercises 508 Chapter 20 Network Layer Protocols: ARP, IPv4, ICMP, IPv6, and ICMPv6 513 20.1 ARP 514 Mapping 514 Packet Format 516 Encapsulation 517 Operation 517 20.2 IP 519 Datagram 520 Fragmentation 523 20.3 ICMP 525 Types of Messages 526 20.4 IPV6 528 IPv6 Addresses 529 Categories of Addresses 530 IPv6 Packet Format 531 Fragmentation 532 ICMPv6 532 Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 533 20.5 KEY TERMS 535 20.6 SUMMARY 535 20.7 PRACTICE SET 536 Review Questions 536 Multiple-Choice Questions 537 Exercises 540 Chapter 21 Unicast and Multicast Routing: Routing Protocols 543 21.1 UNICAST ROUTING 543 Metric 544 Interior and Exterior Routing 544 21.2 UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS 545 RIP 546 OSPF 548 BGP 557 21.3 MULTICAST ROUTING 560 IGMP 561 Multicast Trees 567 MBONE 568 21.4 MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS 569 DVMRP 570 MOSPF 572 CBT 574 PIM 576 Applications 576 21.5 KEY TERMS 577 21.6 SUMMARY 577 21.7 PRACTICE SET 579 Review Questions 579 Multiple-Choice Questions 579 Exercises 586 Part 5 Transport Layer 589 Chapter 22 Process-to-Process Delivery: UDP and TCP 593 22.1 PROCESS-TO-PROCESS DELIVERY 593 Client-Server Paradigm 594 Addressing 594 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 597 Connectionless versus Connection-Oriented Service 597 Reliable versus Unreliable 600 22.2 USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL (UDP) 601 Port Numbers 601 User Datagram 601 Applications 602 22.3 TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP) 603 Port Numbers 603 TCP Services 603 Numbering Bytes 606 Sequence Number 607 Segment 608 Connection 609 State Transition Diagram 612 Flow Control 614 Silly Window Syndrome 618 Error Control 619 TCP Timers 621 Congestion Control 624 Other Features 624 22.4 KEY TERMS 625 22.5 SUMMARY 626 22.6 PRACTICE SET 626 Review Questions 626 Multiple-Choice Questions 627 Exercises 631 Chapter 23 Congestion Control and Quality of Service 633 23.1 DATA TRAFFIC 633 Traffic Descriptor 633 Traffic Profiles 634 23.2 CONGESTION 636 Network Performance 636 23.3 CONGESTION CONTROL 638 Open-Loop Congestion Control 638 Closed-Loop Congestion Control 639 23.4 TWO EXAMPLES 639 Congestion Control in TCP 639 Congestion Control in Frame Relay 641 23.5 QUALITY OF SERVICE 643 Flow Characteristics 643 Flow Classes 644 23.6 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE QOS 644 Scheduling 644 Traffic Shaping 646 Resource Reservation 649 Admission Control 649 23.7 INTEGRATED SERVICES 649 Signaling 649 Flow Specification 649 Admission 650 Service Classes 650 RSVP 650 Problems with Integrated Services 653 23.8 DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES 653 23.9 QOS IN SWITCHED NETWORKS 655 QoS in Frame Relay 655 QoS in ATM 657 23.10 KEY TERMS 659 23.11 SUMMARY 660 23.12 PRACTICE SET 660 Review Questions 660 Multiple-Choice Questions 661 Exercises 665 Part 6 Application Layer 667 Chapter 24 Client-Server Model: Socket Interface 671 24.1 CLIENT-SERVER MODEL 671 Relationship 671 Concurrency 673 Processes 674 24.2 SOCKET INTERFACE 675 Sockets 675 Connectionless Iterative Server 677 Connection-Oriented Concurrent Server 678 Client and Server Programs 680 24.3 KEY TERMS 680 24.4 SUMMARY 680 24.5 PRACTICE SET 681 Review Questions 681 Multiple-Choice Questions 681 Exercises 684 Chapter 25 Domain Name System (DNS) 685 25.1 NAME SPACE 685 Flat Name Space 685 Hierarchical Name Space 686 25.2 DOMAIN NAME SPACE 686 Label 686 Domain Name 687 Domain 688 25.3 DISTRIBUTION OF NAME SPACE 689 Hierarchy of Name Servers 689 Zone 689 Root Server 690 Primary and Secondary Servers 690 25.4 DNS IN THE INTERNET 691 Generic Domains 691 Country Domains 693 Inverse Domain 693 25.5 RESOLUTION 694 Resolver 694 Mapping Names to Addresses 695 Mapping Addresses to Names 695 Recursive Resolution 695 Iterative Resolution 696 Caching 696 25.6 DNS MESSAGES 697 Header 697 Question Section 698 Answer Section 698 Authoritative Section 698 Additional Information Section 698 25.7 DDNS 698 25.8 ENCAPSULATION 699 25.9 KEY TERMS 699 25.10 SUMMARY 699 25.11 PRACTICE SET 700 Review Questions 700 Multiple-Choice Questions 701 Exercises 703 Chapter 26 Electronic Mail (SMTP) and File Transfer (FTP) 705 26.1 ELECTRONIC MAIL 705 Sending Mail 705 Receiving Mail 706 Addresses 706 User Agent (UA) 707 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) 708 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) 714 Mail Delivery 715 Mail Access Protocols 717 Web-Based Mail 718 26.2 FILE TRANSFER 718 Connections 720 Communication 720 File Transfer 722 User Interface 723 Anonymous FTP 724 26.3 KEY TERMS 725 26.4 SUMMARY 725 26.5 PRACTICE SET 726 Review Questions 726 Multiple-Choice Questions 726 Exercises 729 Chapter 27 HTTP and WWW 731 27.1 HTTP 731 Transaction 732 Request Messages 732 Response Message 734 Headers 735 Some Examples 736 Some Other Features 738 27.2 WORLD WIDE WEB 738 Hypertext and Hypermedia 739 Browser Architecture 740 Static Documents 740 HTML 741 Examples 743 Dynamic Documents 745 Common Gateway Interface (CGI) 746 Examples 746 Active Documents 747 Java 748 Examples 751 27.3 KEY TERMS 752 27.4 SUMMARY 752 27.5 PRACTICE SET 753 Review Questions 753 Multiple-Choice Questions 753 Exercises 758 Chapter 28 Multimedia 761 28.1 DIGITIZING AUDIO AND VIDEO 762 Digitizing Audio 762 Digitizing Video 762 28.2 AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION 763 Audio Compression 763 Video Compression 764 28.3 STREAMING STORED AUDIO/VIDEO 769 First Approach: Using a Web Server 769 Second Approach: Using a Web Server with Metafile 770 Third Approach: Using a Media Server 770 Fourth Approach: Using a Media Server and RTSP 771 28.4 STREAMING LIVE AUDIO/VIDEO 772 28.5 REAL-TIME INTERACTIVE AUDIO/VIDEO 772 Characteristics 773 Real-Time Transport Protocol 777 Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) 778 28.6 VOICE OVER IP 779 SIP 779 H.323 781 28.7 KEY TERMS 784 28.8 SUMMARY 784 28.9 PRACTICE SET 785 Review Questions 785 Multiple-Choice Questions 786 Exercises 789 Part 7 Security 791 Chapter 29 Cryptography 795 29.1 INTRODUCTION 795 29.2 SYMMETRIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY 796 Traditional Ciphers 797 Block Cipher 801 Operation Modes 805 29.3 PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY 808 RSA 809 Choosing Public and Private Keys 810 29.4 KEY TERMS 810 29.5 SUMMARY 810 29.6 PRACTICE SET 811 Review Questions 811 Multiple-Choice Questions 811 Exercises 813 Chapter 30 Message Security, User Authentication, and Key Management 815 30.1 MESSAGE SECURITY 815 Privacy 816 Message Authentication 817 Integrity 817 Nonrepudiation 817 30.2 DIGITAL SIGNATURE 817 Signing the Whole Document 817 Signing the Digest 818 30.3 USER AUTHENTICATION 820 User Authentication with Symmetric-Key Cryptography 820 User Authentication with Public-Key Cryptography 822 30.4 KEY MANAGEMENT 823 Symmetric Key Distribution 823 Public-Key Certification 829 30.5 KERBEROS 831 Servers 831 Operation 832 Using Different Servers 834 Kerberos Version 5 834 Realms 834 30.6 KEY TERMS 835 30.7 SUMMARY 835 30.8 PRACTICE SET 836 Review Questions 836 Multiple-Choice Questions 836 Exercises 839 Chapter 31 Security Protocols in the Internet 841 31.1 IP LEVEL SECURITY: IPSEC 841 Security Association 842 Two Modes 842 Two Security Protocols 842 Encapsulating Security Payload 844 31.2 TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY 846 Position of TLS 846 Two Protocols 846 31.3 APPLICATION LAYER SECURITY: PGP 848 31.4 FIREWALLS 849 Packet-Filter Firewall 849 Proxy Firewall 850 31.5 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK 851 Private Networks 851 Achieving Privacy 852 VPN Technology 854 31.6 KEY TERMS 855 31.7 SUMMARY 855 31.8 PRACTICE SET 856 Review Questions 856 Multiple-Choice Questions 856 Exercises 859 Appendix A ASCII Code 861 Appendix B Numbering Systems and Transformation 865 B.1 NUMBERING SYSTEMS 865 Decimal Numbers 865 Binary Numbers 866 Octal Numbers 867 Hexadecimal Numbers 868 B.2 TRANSFORMATION 869 From Other Systems to Decimal 870 From Decimal to Other Systems 870 From Binary to Octal or Hexadecimal 871 From Octal or Hexadecimal to Binary 872 Appendix C The OSI Model 873 C.1 THE MODEL 873 C.2 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL 873 First Four Layers 873 Session Layer 874 Presentation Layer 874 Application Layer 876 C.3 COMPARISON 877 Appendix D 8B/6T Code 878 Appendix E Checksum Calculation 881 E.1 BINARY NOTATION 881 Partial Sum 881 Sum 881 Checksum 881 E.2 HEXADECIMAL NOTATION 882 Partial Sum 882 Sum 883 Checksum 884 Appendix F Structure of a Router 885 F.1 COMPONENTS 885 Input Ports 885 Output Ports 886 Routing Processor 886 Switching Fabrics 886 Appendix G ATM LANs 889 G.1 ATM LAN ARCHITECTURE 889 Pure ATM Architecture 890 Legacy LAN Architecture 890 Mixed Architecture 891 G.2 LAN EMULATION (LANE) 891 G.3 CLIENT-SERVER MODEL 892 LAN Emulation Client (LEC) 892 LAN Emulation Configuration Server (LECS) 893 LAN Emulation Server (LES) 893 Broadcast/Unknown Server (BUS) 893 Appendix H Client-Server Programs 895 H.1 UDP CLIENT-SERVER PROGRAMS 895 Server Program 895 Client Program 896 H.2 TCP CLIENT-SERVER PROGRAMS 897 Server Program 898 Client Program 899 Appendix I RFCs 901 Appendix J UDP and TCP Ports 903 Appendix K Contact Addresses 905 Acronyms 907 Glossary 911 Index 949
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Data transmission systems.
Computer networks.