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I. Liquid crystal materials 1 I.1 Thermotropic liquid crystalline materials 2 Nematic Phases 3 Smectic Phases 4 Columnar liquid crystals 9 Chiral organic materials 12 Bent-core liquid crystals 16 I.2 Lyotropic liquid crystals 17 Water 18 Amphiphiles 19 Amphiphilic ¿ water aggregation 20 I.3 Other lyotropic phases 29 Chromonic liquid crystals 30 I.4 Amphotropic liquid crystals 31 Amphiphilic block-copolymers 31 Thermotropic liquid crystals in solvents 33 Flexible amphiphilics 34 I.5 References 35 II ¿ Fluids with reduced dimensionality 40 II.1 Surfaces effects on anisotropic fluids 40 Surface tension 40 Interfacial tension 42 II.2 Fluid monolayers 44 Surface pressure ¿ area isoterms 45 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films 48 II.3 Soap films 50 Equilibrium shapes 51 The Motorway Problem 51 Stability and elasticity of soap films 54 Thinning of soap films 56 Bursting soap films 59 II.4 Smectic membranes 60 Importance of freestanding smectic membranes 64 II.5 Fluid foams 65 II.6 Fluid fibers 69 II.7 References 75 III.Phase transitions 79 Transition between the minimal surfaces of soap films 79 Landau description of phase transitions 80 The I-N transition 84 Microscopic approaches 87 a.) The Onsager theory 88 b.) Maier-Saupe theory 88 References: 94 IV. Rheological properties 95 IV.1 Nematic liquid crystals 97 IV.2 Cholesteric liquid crystals 103 IV.3 Rheology of smectic liquid crystals 108 IV.3.1Elasticity of smectic A phase 109 IV.3.2Flow properties of smectic A liquid crystals 113 IV.3.3Continuum description of the SmC phase 116 IV.3.4Continuum description of the chiral smectic C phase 119 IV.3.5Flow behavior of smectic C and smectic C* liquid crystals 121 IV.4 Rheology of columnar liquid crystals 124 IV.5 Lyotropic lamellar systems 126 IV.6 Soap membranes 127 IV.7 Rheology of foams 131 IV.8 Rheology at surfaces 133 IV.8.1Surface anchoring 133 IV.8.2Surface Alignments 137 IV.9 References: 140 V - Optics of anisotropic materials 145 V.1 Achiral materials 147 Birefringence 151 Optical retardation 153 Light propagation through uniaxial materials (Jones method) 154 V.2 Helical and chiral structures 158 V.2.1Optical activity 158 Light propagating through a helical medium 160 V.3 Experimental methods to measure refractive index and birefringence 162 VI. Defect structures 172 VI.1 Nematic liquid crystals 173 VI.2 Smectic and lamellar liquid crystals 179 VI.3 Cholesteric liquid crystals 188 VI.4 Defect phases 190 VI.5 Defect mediated phase transitions 193 VI.6 References: 195 VII Magnetic properties 198 VII.1 Isotropic materials 198 VII.1.1Diamagnetism 198 VII.1.2Paramagnetism 200 VII.1.3Ferromagnetism 200 VII.2 Magnetic properties of liquid crystals 200 VII.3 Magnetic field ¿ induced director deformation 204 VII.4 Magnetic effects in liquid crystals 208 VII.5 Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility 210 VII.6 Measurements of the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility 212 VII.7 References 213 VIII. Electrical properties 214 VIII.1 Dielectrics 214 VIII.2 Relations between microscopic and macroscopic parameters 219 VIII.3 Dielectric spectroscopy 221 VIII.4 Dielectric torque 226 VIII.5 Electric conductivity 229 VIII.6 Piezoelectricity 235 VIII.7 Flexoelectricity 242 VIII.8 Ferroelectricity 244 VIII.8.1SmC* liquid crystals 246 VIII.8.2Chiral tilted columnar phase 251 VIII.8.3Bowl-shape materials 253 VIII.8.4Achiral bent-core molecules 253 VIII.9 References 257 IX. Applications 262 Display structures 262 Nematic liquid crystal displays 265 Ferroelectric smectic displays 267 Image and signal processing 272 Spatial Light Modulators (SLM) 272 Optical Communication devices 273 Photonic applications 274 Biological membranes 275 Lyotropic liquid crystalline state of biopolymers 279 Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystals (LCLCs) s 283 Appendix A. - Chemicals 1. Basics of organic chemistry 289 2. Surfactants 291 Appendix B - Rheology of condensed matters 296 Appendix C : Symmetry at work 307 C-1: Elastic constants of 3D anisotropic fluids 307 C-2: Piezoelectric components in anisotropic systems 310 Appendix D: Dielectric spectroscopy 314 The Cole-Cole plot 317 Dielectric measurements techniques 318
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Liquid crystals -- Research.
Fluid dynamics -- Research.