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Encyclopedia of The Great Black Migration: Greenwood Milestones in African-American History Steven A. Reich Contents Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Guide to Related Topics Volume 1: A-L Abbott, Robert S. (1870-1940) The African Blood Brotherhood (ABB) African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.) Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mossell (1898-1989) Ali, Muhammad (1942- ) American Federation of Labor (AFL) American Negro Exposition (1940) Appalachia Armstrong, Louis (1901-1971) Asian Immigration, Comparison with the Great Black Migration Asian Immigrants and Asian Americans, Relations with Black Migrants Associated Negro Press (ANP) Atlanta, Georgia Attaway, William (1911-1986) Attorneys Automobile Workers Automobility Aviation Industry, Black Employment in Baker, Ella (1903-1986) Baldwin, James Arthur (1924-1980) Baltimore Afro-American Baltimore, Maryland Banks and Bankers Baptist Church Baraka, Amiri (1934- ) Barbers Basie, William "Count" (1904-1984) Basketball Bearden, Romare (1911-1988) Beaumont (Texas) Race Riot of 1943 Beauty Culture Bebop Benson, Al (1910-1980) Bethune, Mary McLeod (1875-1955) Birmingham, Alabama Black Appeal Radio Black Arts Movement Black Aviators Black Consumer Market Black Film Black-Jewish Relations Black Legislators Black Mayors Black Metropolis (Drake and Cayton) Black Migration, Patterns of before World War I Black Nationalism Black Panther Party Black Populism Black Power Black Press Black Suburbanization Black Swan Records Black Towns Blaxploitation Blockbusting Blues Boll Weevil Bond, Horace Mann (1904-1972) Bonner, Marita (1899-1971) Boston, Massachusetts Bradby, Rev. Robert L. (1877-1946) Briggs, Cyril V. (1888-1966) Brooks, Gwendolyn (1917-2000) Broonzy, William "Big Bill" (c. 1897-1958) Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) Brown, Charlotte Hawkins (1883-1961) Brown, Sterling Allen (1901-1989) Brown, Willie L., Jr. (1934- ) Buffalo, New York Burroughs, Nannie Helen (1879-196l) California Eagle Calloway, Cab[ell] (1907-1994 Caribbean Migration Catholics Chain Migration Charlotte, North Carolina Chess Records Chicago Commission on Race Relations Chicago Defender Chicago, Illinois Chicago Race Riot of 1919 Chicago Renaissance Chicago School of Sociology (CSS) Childbirth Church of God in Christ (COGIC) Cincinnati, Ohio Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Civil Rights Movement Cleveland Gazette Cleveland, Ohio Coltrane, John William (1926-1967) Communists and the Communist Party Community Organizing Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Construction and Building Trades, Black Employment in Cooper, Jack L. (1888-1970) Cotton Belt, Impact of Great Migration on Crime and Criminals Dallas, Texas Dance Halls and Nightclubs Dawson, William Levi (1877-1969) Deindustrialization Demographic Patterns of the Great Black Migration (1915-1940) Demographic Patterns of the Great Black Migration (1940-1970) DePriest, Oscar (1871-1951) Desegregation Detroit, Michigan Detroit Race Riot of 1943 Division of Negro Economics (DNE) "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" Campaigns Dorsey, Thomas A. (1889-1993) Double V Campaign Douglas, Aaron (1899-1979) Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt (1868-1963) Dunbar, Paul Laurence (1872-1906) Durham, North Carolina East St. Louis Race Riot of 1917 Elaine, Arkansas, Massacre of 1919 Electoral Politics Ellington, Duke [Edward Kennedy] (1899-1974) Ellison, Ralph Waldo (1914-1994) Ellison, Walter (1899-1977) Emigrationism Employment, Black Female Patterns of Employment, Black Male Patterns of Employment Discrimination Europe, James Reese (1880-1919) Exodusters Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) Farmer, James L., Jr. (1920-1999) Farm Security Administration (FSA) Father Divine (c. 1880-1965) Fauset, Jessie Redmon (1882-1961) Federal Surveillance of Black Migrants Folk Medicine and Folk Magic Football Ford, Bishop Louis Henry (1914-1995) Foster, Andrew "Rube" (1879-1930) Foster, William (1884-19XX) Fraternal Orders Frazier, E. Franklin (1894-1962) Garvey, Marcus Mosiah, Jr. (1887-1940) Gary, Indiana Ghettos Gibson, Joshua (1911-1947) Gillespie, John Birks "Dizzy" (1917-1993) Great Migration, Black Opposition to Great Migration, Causes of Great Migration, White Opposition to The Great Retreat Greenlee, William Augustus "Gus" (1897-1952) Gulf South Handy, W.C. (William Christopher) (1873-1958) Harlem Renaissance Harlem Riot of 1935 Harlem Riot of 1943 Harris, Abram Lincoln (1899-1963) Harrison, Hubert Henry (1883-1927) Hatcher, Richard Gordon (1933- ) Hawkins, Coleman (1904-1969) Haynes, George Edmund (1880-1960) Henderson, George Wylie (1904-1965) Himes, Chester (1909-1984) Hip-Hop Hispanic Immigrants and Hispanic Americans, Relations with Black Migrants Hispanic Migration, Comparison with the Great Black Migration Homelessness Home Ownership among Migrants Hopkins, Sam "Lightning" (1912-1982) Hospitals Housing and Living Conditions Houston Informer Houston, Texas Howard University Hughes, James Mercer Langston (1902-1967) Hurston, Zora Neale (1891-1960) Hypersegregation Immigrants from Europe, Relations with Black Migrants Immigration from Europe, Comparison with the Great Migration Indianapolis, Indiana Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Insurers and Insurance Companies International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU) Intraracial Class Conflict Involuntary Servitude Jackson, Joseph Harrison (1900-1991) Jackson, Mahalia (1911-1972) Jacksonville, Florida Jazz Jim Crow Johnson, Charles Spurgeon (1893-1956) Johnson, Jack (1878-1946) Johnson, James Weldon (1871-1938) Johnson Publishing Company Johnson, Robert (1911-1938) Johnson, William Henry (1901-1970) Joplin, Scott (c. 1867/1868-1917) Kansas City, Missouri King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968) King, Riley "B. B." (1925- ) Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Labor Agents Larsen, Nella (1891-1964) Las Vegas, Nevada Lawrence, Jacob (1917-2000) Ledbetter, Huddie "Lead Belly" (1885-1949) Literature, Great Migration in Locke, Alain Leroy (1886-1954) Los Angeles, California Louis, Joe (1914-1981) Louisville, Kentucky Low Country South Carolina and Georgia Lynching Volume 2: M-Z Malcolm X (1925-1965) March on Washington Movement (MOWM) Masculinity McKay, Claude (1889-1948) Mechanical Cotton Harvester Memphis, Tennessee The Messenger Metropolitan Mutual Assurance Company (MMAC) Miami, Florida Micheaux, Oscar (1881-1951) Midwestern States, Black Migration to Migrants, Cultural Identity of Migrants, Economic Characteristics of Migrants, Expectations of Migrants, Settlement Patterns of Migrants, Social Characteristics of Military Service, Vietnam War Military Service, World War I Military Service, World War II Milwaukee, Wisconsin Ministers and Preachers Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Mississippi River Delta Mitchell, Arthur Wergs (1883-1968) Monk, Thelonious Sphere (1917-1982) Morton, Ferdinand "Jelly Roll," 1890-1941 Mosley, Walter (1952- ) Motley, Archibald J., Jr. (1891-1981) Moton, Robert Russa (1867-1940) "Muddy Waters" (1915-1983) Muhammad, Elijah (1897-1975) Nadir of Race Relations Nashville, Tennessee National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) National Association of Colored Women (NACW) National Recovery Administration (NRA) National Training School for Women and Girls (NTSWG) National Urban League (NUL) National War Labor Board (NWLB) National Youth Administration (NYA) The Nation of Islam Naylor, Gloria (1950- ) Negro Leagues Neighborhood Property Owners Associations The New Negro The New Negro: An Interpretation (Locke) New Orleans, Louisiana New York Age New York City Northeastern States Nurses Occupational Mobility Omaha, Nebraska Open Housing Organized Labor Owen, Chandler (1889-1967) Owens, Jesse (1913-1980) Packinghouse Workers and Unions Paige, Leroy Robert "Satchel" (c. 1906-1982) Parker, Charlie "Yardbird" (1920-1955) Passing Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW) Pentecostalism Petry, Ann (1908-1997) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Phoenix, Arizona Physicians Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Police Brutality Policy Gambling Political Activism (1915-1945) Political Realignment Poor People's Campaign Portland, Oregon Posey, Cumberland (1890-1946) Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr. (1908-1972) Powell, Adam Clayton, Sr. (1865-1953) Powell, William J. (1899-1943) Prostitutes and Prostitution Public Housing Quilts Racial Violence and World War II Ragtime Railroads Railroads, Black Employment on Rainey, Ma (1886-1939) A Raisin in the Sun (Lorraine Hansberry) Randolph, Asa Philip (1889-1979) Ransom, Reverdy C. (1861-1959) Recording Industry Red Light Districts Red Summer of 1919 Reid, Ira De Augustine (1901-1968) Restrictive Covenants Return Migration Reverse Freedom Rides (1962) Rhythm and Blues (R&B) Richmond, Virginia Robeson, Paul Leroy Bustill (1898-1976) St. Louis, Missouri San Francisco, California Savage, Augusta Christine Fells (1892-1962) Schomburg, Arthur Alfonso (1874-1938) Schoolteachers and Teaching Scott, Emmett Jay (1873-1957) Seattle, Washington Serviceman's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill) (1944) Settlement Houses Share Croppers Union (SCU) Shipyards and Shipyard Workers Simmons, Roscoe Conkling (c. 1881-1951) Skilled Workers Smith, Bessie (1892-1937) Smith, Lucy M. (1875-1952) Socialists and Socialism Soul City, North Carolina Soul Music Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU) Sport State Clubs Steelworkers Stokes, Carl B. (1927-1996) Storefront Churches Street Festivals and Parades Strikebreaking Sundown Towns Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company Swing Talbert, Mary B. (1866-1923) Tanner, Henry Ossawa (1859-1937) Taxicab Operators Terrell, Mary Church (1863-1954) Tharpe, Sister Rosetta (1915-1973) Thurman, Wallace Henry (1902-1934) Tolan Committee Toomer, Jean (1894-1967) Tulsa, Oklahoma Turner, Henry McNeal (1834-1915) Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Undertakers Unemployment United Automobile Workers (UAW) Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Uplift Urban Crisis of the 1960s Urban Renewal Visiting Visual Arts, Great Migration in Walker, Alice (1944- ) Walker, Madam C.J. (1867-1919) War Camp Community Service (WCCS) War Manpower Commission (WMC) War on Poverty Wartime Mobilization (World War II) Washington, Booker Taliaferro (1856-1915) Washington, D.C. Weaver, Robert C. (1907-1997) Welfare Capitalism Welfare State Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1862-1931) Wesley, Charles Harris (1891-1987) West, Dorothy (1907-1998) Western States, Black Migration to White Flight White, Walter Francis (1893-1955) Wilmington, North Carolina, Race Riot of 1898 Wilson, August (1945- ) Women Woodson, Carter Godwin (1875-1950) Works Progress Administration (WPA) Wright, Richard Nathaniel (1908-1960) Wright, Richard Robert, Jr. (1878-1967) Wright, Richard Robert, Sr. (1853-1947) Young, Coleman Alexander (1918-1997) Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) Youth Culture Zoot Suit Riots (1943) Volume 3: Primary Documents 1. The Armstrong Story (Louis Armstrong, 1922) 2. Black Housing in Detroit (Detroit Bureau of Governmental Research, 1926) 3. Black Life in the West (Clarence Ray) 4. Black Migrant in the Deep South (Hosea Hudson, 1922-1924) 5. The Black Movement Starts in the Labor Movement (James Boggs, 1937-1950s) 6. Black Workers Seize Opportunities in the South (1919-1920) 7. Bound for the Promised Land (Chicago Defender, 1917) 8. "Bronzeville" (from Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City, St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, 1945) 9. "Businessman's Complaint" (from Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City, St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, 1945) 10. But It Is a Fine Place to Make Money (Letters of Black Migrants, 1917) 11. "Checking Migration" (Chicago Defender, August 9, 1919) 12. Clifford Burdette: Negro Radio Impresario (Daily Worker, 1942) 13. Dance Halls (Henry J. McGuinn, 1928) 14. Deadhead: A Pullman Porter Steps Out of Character (Jessie Carter, 1935) 15. Debut at the Savoy Ballroom (Cab Calloway, 1929) 16. The East St. Louis Pogrom (Oscar Leonard, 1917) 17. The East St. Louis Pogrom: An Eyewitness Account (Carlos F. Hurd, 1917) 18. The Effect of Negro Migration on Community Health in Cleveland (H.L Rockwood, 1926) 19. Employment Discrimination on Northern Railroads (R.L. Hamlett, 1920) 20. Finding Childcare in Philadelphia (Beulah Collins, 1920s) 21. Freight Train Blues (Trixie Smith, 1938) 22. From Cotton, Cane, and Rice Fields (Eric Walrond, 1926) 23. From Little Rock to Hyannis (1962) 24. "Ghost Town-Almost: The Depression Hits a Negro Town" (Isabel Thompson and Louise T. Clarke, 1935) 25. The Greatest Opportunity since 1865 (James Weldon Johnson, 1917) 26. Harlem (Alain Locke, 1925) 27. Harlem: Dark Weather-Vane (Alain Locke, 1936) 28. Harlem, My Harlem (Claude Brown, 1961) 29. Housing Shortage in San Francisco (Charles S. Johnson, 1944) 30. How Much Is the Migration Flight from Persecution? (Charles S. Johnson, 1923) 31. "'I'd Like to Show You Harlem!'" (Rollin Lynde Hartt, 1921) 32. I Ran Away (Minnie Savage Whitney, 1919) 33. "Is Migration a Panacea?" (Cleveland Advocate, 1920) 34. It's Good to Be Home Again (Ebony, 1971) 35. I've Always Been Active in Social and Mostly Civic Things (Rowena Moore, 19??) 36. "I Wanted to Stay and Work for Better Conditions" (Ned Cobb, 1932) 37. Juvenile Delinquency in Detroit (Ulysses W. Boykin, 1943) 38. Labor Activism and Racial Conflict (1918-1919) 39. Law Enforcement and In-Migrants (Leo A. Jackson, 1961) 40. "Look after the Newcomers" (Baltimore Afro-American, 1917) 41. Lynching: One Cause of Black Migration (James Weldon Johnson, 1924) 42. Mississippians in Chicago (Charles S. Johnson, 1917) 43. Myth of the Promised Land (Martin Luther King, Jr., 1965) 44. Need of the Newcomers to the North (Nannie Helen Burroughs, 1920) 45. Negroes of Philadelphia (Richard R. Wright, Jr., 1907) 46. A Negro in the CCC (Luther C. Wandall, 1935) 47. Negro Migration from Georgia: A Black View and a White View (1923) 48. New Crowd Politics (1917-1919) 49. The New Negro Faces America (Eric Walrond, 1923) 50. Olivet-A Community-Serving Church in Chicago (1924) 51. Plague Spot of a City Infested with Vice (1925) 52. The Policy King as a Race Hero (St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, 1945) 53. Queen of Gotham's Colored 400 (1917) 54. Race Prejudice in a Northern Town (Franklin U. Quillin, 1905) 55. Race War in the North (William English Walling, 1908) 56. Return of Negro Soldiers to the South (Military Intelligence Memorandum, 1918) 57. Reverend Richard L. Bradby and Detroit's Second Baptist Church 58. Rifles, Police, Southern Negroes in Cincinnati (Wendell P. Dabney, 1921) 59. Safer in the Trenches than in the South (Cincinnati Union, 1919) 60. Schools Here Teach the Children Better than in Louisiana (San Francisco Migrants, 1944) 61. Sea Island to City (Anonymous Migrant, 1918) 62. Seattle's Colored Citizens (Horace R. Cayton, Sr., 1923) 63. Shadow of the Plantation (Charles S. Johnson, 1934) 64. Should I Sacrifice to Live "Half-American?" (James G. Thompson, 1942) 65. Southern Whites and Black Migration: Two Views (1917 and 1924) 66. The Struggles of a Black Physician (Lionel F. Swan, M.D.) 67. Struggle to Find Housing in World War II Cleveland (1944-1945) 68. Times Is Gettin' Harder (Lucious Curtis, 1940) 69. Traveling Jim Crow (George S. Schuyler, 1930) 70. Troubles of a Black Policeman (Samuel J. Battle, 1912) 71. The Villain-Racial Covenants (Robert C. Weaver, 1948) 72. Voodoo Cult among Negro Migrants in Detroit (Erdmann Doane Beynon, 1938) 73. Wanted-150 Colored Families (Kirby Lumber Company, 1912) 74. Wartime Shipyard (Katherine Archibald, 1947) 75. What the Negro Expects Out of the Recent War (1919) 76. Why Are They So Hard on a Colored Man in this Town? (Migrant to South Bend, 1921) Contributors Selected Bibliography Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
African Americans -- Migrations -- History -- 20th century -- Encyclopedias.
Migration, Internal -- United States -- History -- 20th century -- Encyclopedias.
Rural-urban migration -- United States -- History -- 20th century -- Encyclopedias.