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Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiv Introduction xv 1. The Dream of Human Spaceflight 1 Legend of Wan-Hu 6 Taikonauts In Orbit 8 Johannes Kepler 10 Science Fiction 12 Nineteenth-Century Visions of Human Spaceflight 14 Fascination With Mars 17 The Birth of Astronautics 21 Hermann Julius Oberth 23 Pre-Space Age Visions of Stations In Space 28 Wernher von Braun-The Man Who Conquered the Moon 30 Riding In A Rocket Plane To the Threshold of Space 37 Early Space Race Accomplishments 38 Nikita S. Khrushchev 40 First American To Travel In Space 45 Sergei Korolev-The Man Who Started the Space Age 46 The Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz Spacecraft 49 John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon 53 2. Living In Space 58 Living In A Continual State of Microgravity 59 Extravehicular Activity 63 Space Sickness 65 Relaxing In Space 68 Spacesuit 70 Hazards To Space Travelers and Workers 78 Explosive Decompression 80 Space Food 84 Closed Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) 89 Space Radiation Environment 91 3. Astrochimps, Canine Cosmonauts, and Other Space Traveling Animals 94 Research With Animals In Space 98 Nonhuman Primates-The First American Space Travel Pioneers 102 U.S. Air Force Chimpanzees 105 Mercury Project Monkey Missions 112 Russian Space Dogs 125 Animal-in-Space Missions After 1961 131 Saving the Chimps-Social Movements, Legal Challenges, and Ethical Efforts 138 4. Tiny Space Capsules and the Mercury Project 141 Mercury-Redstone 3 143 Splashdown 146 Mercury-Redstone 4 147 Mercury-Atlas 6 148 Universal Time Coordinated 152 Mercury-Atlas 7 153 Mercury-Atlas 8 155 Mercury-Atlas 9 156 5. Space Walks and the Gemini Project 159 Gemini Spacecraft 160 Agena 164 Gemini 3 Mission 166 Orbits and Revolutions 169 Gemini 4 Mission 171 Extravehicular Activity 173 Gemini 5 Mission 175 Gemini 6A Mission 177 Gemini 7 Mission 180 Gemini 8 Mission 182 Gemini 9A Mission 185 Gemini 10 Mission 188 Gemini 11 Mission 190 Gemini 12 Mission 193 Blue Gemini 196 6. Moonwalks and the Apollo Project 201 Origins of the Apollo Project 202 Space Robots Scout the Moon 205 The Life-On-the-Moon Debate and the Issue of Extraterrestrial Contamination 207 The Apollo Spacecraft 212 Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) 221 A Summary of the Apollo Missions 224 Apollo 7 228 The Saturn IB Vehicle 230 Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package (EASEP) 246 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) 252 Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle 269 7. Outposts In the Sky: Early Space Stations 279 Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky 280 Defining An American Space Station 283 Skylab-The First American Space Station 288 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project 296 Thomas P. Stafford 298 Early Russian Space Stations 301 Mir Space Station 310 Mir Principal Expedition 17 315 8. Space Shuttle 322 Basic Features of the Space Shuttle System 326 Reducing the Risk from External Tank Insulation Debris 329 Spacelab 336 Space Shuttle Missions 339 Summary of Space Shuttle Missions 341 Beyond the Space Shuttle 365 9. International Space Station 369 Basic Facts About the International Space Station 372 Progress Spacecraft 374 Space Station Crews 377 10. Permanent Moon Bases: Next Stop Beyond Low Earth Orbit 383 The Moon-Earth's Closest Celestial Neighbor 387 Using Robots Or Humans In Space Exploration 389 Lunar Bases and Settlements 398 Krafft A. Ehricke and the Vision of A Lunar Civilization 404 11. Human Expeditions To Mars 410 Mars-The Mysterious Red Planet 414 Human-crewed Expedition To Mars 421 Nuclear Rocket 423 Mars Outpost and Surface Base Concepts 426 Space Policy and the American Presidency 427 12. Large Space Settlements-Hallmark of A Solar System Civilization 434 Space Resources 436 Astropolis 439 Androcell 440 Space Settlement Concepts Sponsored By NASA 442 Satellite Power System Concept 443 Lagrangian Libration Point 447 Design Considerations for Large Space Settlements 449 Potential Psychological Disorders in Space Habitats 452 Dyson Sphere 454 Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev 457 Conclusions 459 Chronology 461 Glossary 492 Further Reading 533 Index 543
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Manned space flight -- Juvenile literature.
Outer space -- Exploration -- Juvenile literature.
Astronautics -- History -- Juvenile literature.
Space colonies -- Juvenile literature.