Table of contents for The encyclopedia of police science / edited by Jack R. Greene.

Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.

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CONTENTS
Associate Editors vii
List of Contributors ix
Introduction xix
List of Entries A¿Z xxix
Entries A¿Z 1
Index 00
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ASSOCIATE
EDITORS
Gary W. Cordner
College of Justice and Safety
Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY
Edward R. Maguire
Administration of Justice Program
George Mason University, Manassas, VA
Peter K. Manning
College of Criminal Justice
Northeastern University, Boston, MA
vii
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CONTRIBUTORS
Julie C. Abril
University of California, Irvine
Geoffrey Alpert
University of South Carolina, Columbia
Karen L. Amendola
Police Foundation, Washington, DC
Malcolm Anderson
University of Edinburgh, Scotland
W. Carsten Andresen
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Edward J. Appel
Joint Council on Information Age Crime,
Bethesda, MD
Richard M. Ayers
Fredericksburg, VA
Ryan Baggett
Eastern Kentucky University
William G. Bailey
Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX
Thomas E. Baker
University of Scranton, Scranton, PA
Clifford Barcliff
Police Futurists International
Emmanuel P. Barthe
University of Nevada¿Reno
Margaret F. Beare
Nathanson Centre for the Study of
Organized Crime and Corruption, York
University, Toronto
Joanne Belknap
University of Cincinnati
Eric Bellone
University of Massachusetts¿Lowell
Trevor Bennett
University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd,
Wales
Julie Berg
Institute of Criminology, University of
Cape Town, South Africa
Elizabeth P. Biebel
Eastern Kentucky University
Pia Biswas
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
William P. Bloss
The Citadel
John M. Boal
Summit College, The University of Akron,
Akron, OH
Heidi S. Bonner
School of Criminal Justice, State
University of New York at Albany
Jeb Booth
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
ix
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Anthony V. Bouza
Minneapolis Police Department
Lorenzo M. Boyd
University of North Texas, Denton, TX
Rebecca J. Boyd
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Anthony A. Braga
John F. Kennedy School of Government,
Harvard University
Jean-Paul Brodeur
Universite´ de Montreal, Que´bec
Michael F. Brown
Southeast Missouri State University
Michael E. Buerger
Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, OH
Richard Butler
New Jersey State Parole Board
Donald A. Cabana
University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS
Dawn M. Caldwell
Isle of Palms Police Department, Isle of
Palms, SC
Jack E. Call
Radford University, Radford, VA
Liqun Cao
Eastern Michigan University,
Ypsilanti, MI
Philip E. Carlan
University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS
David L. Carter
Michigan State University
Derral Cheatwood
University of Texas at San Antonio
Steven Chermak
Indiana University, Bloomington
Alice H. Choi
California State University, Sacramento
Stephen E. Clark
University of California, Riverside
Janice E. Clifford
Auburn University, Auburn, AL
Peter A. Collins
Boise State University
John A. Conley
University of Wisconsin¿Milwaukee
Ed Connors
Institute for Law and Justice,
Alexandria, VA
Gary Cordner
Eastern Kentucky University
Elizabeth Corzine McMullan
University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS
Tom Cowper
Police Futurists International
Stephen M. Cox
Central Connecticut State University
Charles Crawford
Western Michigan University,
Kalamazoo, MI
Shea W. Cronin
American University
G. David Curry
University of Missouri-St. Louis
Douglas Davenport
Truman State University, Kirksville, MO
Phillip A. Davidson
Tennessee Law Enforcement Training
Academy
x
CONTRIBUTORS
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Andrew Davies
State University of New York at Albany
Michael Davis
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,
IL
Robert C. Davis
Police Foundation, Washington, DC
Scott H. Decker
University of Missouri-St. Louis
Mathieu Deflem
University of South Carolina, Columbia
Rolando V. del Carmen
Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX
Ronald G. DeLord
Combined Law Enforcement Association
of Texas
Stephen Demuth
Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, OH
Ramesh Deosaran
The University of the West Indies, St.
Augustine, Trinidad
Sara Buck Doude
University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS
Jerry Dowling
Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX
Roger G. Dunham
University of Miami, FL
Terence Dunworth
Justice Policy Center, The Urban
Institute, Washington, DC
Mary Ann Eastep
University of Central Florida,
Orlando, FL
Max Edelbacher
Federal Police of Austria
Steven A. Egger
Sangamon State University,
Springfield, IL
Katherine W. Ellison
Montclair State University,
Montclair, NJ
Preston Elrod
Eastern Kentucky University
Ayn Embar-Seddon
Capella University
Edna Erez
Kent State University
Richard V. Ericson
University of Toronto
Michael Erp
Washington State University
Finn-Aage Esbensen
University of Missouri-St. Louis
Stephanie Fahy
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
David N. Falcone
Illinois State University
Amy Farrell
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Graham Farrell
Loughborough University,
Leicestershire, UK
Gilles Favarel-Garrigues
Centre d¿Etudes et de Recherches
Internationales, Paris
Mora Fiedler
Denver, Colorado Police Department
xi
CONTRIBUTORS
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Nigel G. Fielding
University of Surrey, UK
Janet E. Fine
Massachusetts Office for Victim
Assistance, Boston, MA
Vern L. Folley
David R. Forde
University of Memphis
Brian Forst
School of Public Affairs, American
University
J. Price Foster
University of Louisville
James Alan Fox
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Lorie Fridell
Police Executive Research Forum,
Washington, DC
Larry K. Gaines
California State University,
San Bernardino
Catherine A. Gallagher
George Mason University
Venessa Garcia
Kean University, Union, NJ
Jennifer F. Gardner
University of Alabama
Shirley Garick
Texas A&M University, Texarkana
Gilbert Geis
University of California, Irvine
Martin Gill
Perpetuity Research & Consultancy
International (PRCI) Ltd,
Leicester, UK
Lauren Giordano
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Ronald W. Glensor
City of Reno, Nevada, Police Department
Barry Goetz
Western Michigan University,
Kalamazoo, MI
Zenta Gomez-Smith
University of Florida, Gainesville
Lindsey Green
University of Missouri-St. Louis
Jack R. Greene
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Roberta Griffith
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
M. R. Haberfeld
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City
University of New York
Douglas R. Haegi
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
Kevin D. Haggerty
University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
Bernard E. Harcourt
University of Chicago
Erin Harrell
Eastern Kentucky University
Craig Hemmens
Boise State University
Nicole J. Henderson
Vera Institute of Justice, New York, NY
Vincent Henry
Homeland Security Management Institute
of Long Island University
xii
CONTRIBUTORS
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Matthew J. Hickman
U.S. Department of Justice,
Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Washington, DC
Dennis E. Hoffman
University of Nebraska-Omaha
Larry T. Hoover
Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX
Frank Horvath
Michigan State University
Martin Innes
University of Surrey, Guildford,
Surrey, UK
Silvina Ituarte
California State University, East Bay,
Hayward, CA
Jenephyr James
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
John P. Jarvis
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Charles L. Johnson
Washington State University
Richard Johnson
University of Cincinnati
Greg Jones
Police FoundationWashington, DC
Tom Jordan
Texas A&M University, Texarkana
Josephine A. Kahler
Texas A&M University, Texarkana
Robert J. Kane
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Victor E. Kappeler
Eastern Kentucky University
Sinead Keegan
John Jay College of Criminal Justice,
City University of New York
Todd D. Keister
Bureau of Criminal Investigation,
Binghamton, NY
Roger L. Kemp
City Manager, Vallejo, CA
Michael Kempa
University of Ottawa, Ontario
Dennis Jay Kenney
John Jay College of Criminal Justice,
City University of New York
Raymond G. Kessler
Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX
Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Western New England College,
Springfield, MA
William R. King
Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, OH
Brian F. Kingshot
Grand Valley State University, Grand
Rapids, MI
Paul M. Klenowski
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
David Klinger
University of Missouri-St. Louis
Peter B. Kraska
Eastern Kentucky University
Tyler S. Krueger
University of Georgia, Atlanta, GA
Kristen J. Kuehnle
Salem State College, Salem, MA
Joseph B. Kuhns III
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
xiii
CONTRIBUTORS
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Henry C. Lee
The Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic
Science, University of New Haven, West
Haven, CT
Tina L. Lee
The University of Tennessee at Martin
David Lester
Stockton State College, Pomona, NJ
John Liederbach
College of Public Affairs and Community
Service, University of North Texas,
Denton, TX
Edith Linn
Kean University, Union, NJ
Elizabeth Loftus
University of California at Irvine
Kamala London
University of Toledo, OH
Vivian B. Lord
University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Roy Lotz
John Jay College of Criminal Justice,
City University of New York
Nicholas P. Lovrich
Washington State University
Cynthia M. Lum
George Mason University
Arthur J. Lurigio
Loyola University Chicago
M. Kimberly MacLin
University of Northern Iowa
Donal E. J. MacNamara
John Jay College of Criminal Justice,
City University of New York
Sean Maddan
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Edward R. Maguire
George Mason University
Peter K. Manning
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Catherine M. D. Marcum
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Otwin Marenin
Washington State University
Chris E. Marshall
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Ineke Haen Marshall
Northeastern University
Mark Marsolais
Northern Kentucky University
Gary T. Marx
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bill Maxwell
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
David C. May
Eastern Kentucky University
Linda Mayberry
Eastern Kentucky University
Lorraine Mazerolle
School of Criminology and Criminal
Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia
Paul Mazerolle
University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia
Kimberly A. McCabe
Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA
Timothy E. McClure
Eastern Kentucky University
xiv
CONTRIBUTORS
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Jack McDevitt
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
David McDowall
School of Criminal Justice, State
University of New York at Albany
J. Thomas McEwen
Institute for Law and Justice,
Alexandria, VA
Paul McKenna
University of Toronto
E. Roland Menzel
Texas Tech University
Greg Meyer
Los Angeles Police Academy
J. Mitchell Miller
University of South Carolina,
Columbia
Gilbert Moore
Office of Community Oriented Policing
Services, US Department of Justice,
Washington, DC
Andrew Morabito
International Association of Chiefs of
Police, Alexandria, VA
Stephen J. Morewitz
The Society for the Study of Social
Problems, San Francisco, CA
Laura J. Moriarty
Virginia Commonwealth University
Frank Morn
Illinois State University
Nancy Morris
University of Maryland
Gregory B. Morrison
Ball State University, Muncie, IN
Melissa Motschall
Eastern Michigan University,
Ypsilanti, MI
Jerry Needle
International Association of Chiefs of
Police, Alexandria, VA
Elaine Niederhoffer
New York City Public School System
Robert S. Newsom
San Diego County Sheriff¿s Department
Lisa S. Nored
University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS
Carla M. Noziglia
Las Vegas Metropolitan Police
Martin L. O¿Connor
C.W. Post, Long Island University
Timothy N. Oettmeier
Houston Police Department
Godpower O. Okereke
Texas A&M University, Texarkana
Lacey N. Ore
Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA
Timothy M. Palmbach
The Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic
Science, University of New Haven, West
Haven, CT
George Parangimalil
Texas A&M University, Texarkana
Joseph E. Pascarella
University of Maryland
Nikos Passas
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Allan D. Pass
National Behavioral Science Consultants
xv
CONTRIBUTORS
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Anthony M. Pate
April Pattavina
University of Massachusetts¿Lowell
Derek Paulsen
Eastern Kentucky University
Brian K. Payne
Old Dominion University,
Norfolk, VA
Kenneth J. Peake
University of Nevada, Reno
William V. Pelfrey, Jr.
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Wendy Perkins
University of Cincinnati
Glenn L. Pierce
Institute for Security and Public Policy,
Northeastern University
Alex R. Piquero
Center for Studies in Criminology
and Law, University of Florida,
Gainesville
Mark R. Pogrebin
Graduate School of Public Affairs,
University of Colorado, Denver
Eric D. Poole
University of Colorado, Denver
Gary W. Potter
Eastern Kentucky University
Tony G. Poveda
State University of New York at
Plattsburgh
Tim Prenzler
School of Criminology and Criminal
Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia
Daniel Price
Providence College, Providence, RI
Faiza Qureshi
Loughborough University,
Leicestershire, UK
Michael L. Radelet
University of Colorado-Boulder
R. K. Raghavan
Tata Consultancy Services Limited
Raymond R. Rainville
St. Peter¿s College, Jersey City, NJ
Melissa M. Reuland
Police Executive Research Forum,
Washington, DC
Malcolm Richards
Gloucestershire Constabulary, UK
James F. Richardson
University of Akron, OH
Albert R. Roberts
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
Jennifer B. Robinson
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Marcus K. Rogers
Purdue University
Jeffrey Rojeck
University of South Carolina
Kevin Roland
Urban Institute, Washington, DC
Michael R. Ronczkowski
Miami-Dade Police Department
Danielle Rousseau
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Lorie Rubenser
Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX
Gregory Saville
University of New Haven
xvi
CONTRIBUTORS
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Kathryn E. Scarborough
Eastern Kentucky University
Joseph A. Schafer
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
Christopher J. Schmidt
Pennsylvania Supreme Court
Jennifer Schwartz
The Pennsylvania State University
Forrest R. Scogin
University of Alabama
Ellen Scrivner
Bureau of Administrative Services, City of
Chicago Police Department
Thomas M. Seamon
Hallcrest Systems, Inc., North Wales, PA
Thomas D. Shahady
Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA
Clifford Shearing
The Australian National University,
Canberra, Australia
Lawrence W. Sherman
Jerry Lee Center of Criminology,
University of Pennsylvania
Stan Shernock
Norwich University, Northfield, VT
Wallace W. Sherwood
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Eli Silverman
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City
University of New York
David R. Simon
University of North Florida
Simon I. Singer
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Wesley G. Skogan
Institute for Policy Research,
Northwestern University
John J. Sloan, III
University of Alabama-Birmingham
Beverly A. Smith
Illinois State University
Loretta J. Stalans
Loyola University Chicago
Darrell Steffensmeier
The Pennsylvania State University
Dennis J. Stevens
University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS
James K. Stewart
Center for Naval Analysis, Alexandria,VA
Victor G. Strecher
Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX
Kathleen M. Sweet
Purdue University
Gary W. Sykes
Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA
Morris A. Taylor
Southern Illinois University,
Edwardsville, IL
Robert W. Taylor
University of North Texas, Denton, TX
R. Alan Thompson
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
Jeremy Travis
John Jay College of Criminal Justice,
City University of New York
Craig D. Uchida
Justice and Security Strategies, Silver
Spring, MD
xvii
CONTRIBUTORS
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Jason S. Ulsperger
Arkansas Tech University
Sean P. Varano
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Tracy A. Varano
Criminal History Systems Board, Chelsea,
MA
William J. Vizzard
California State University, Sacramento
Robert B. Voas
Pacific Institute for Research and
Evaluation, Calverton, MD
Maria R. Volpe
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City
University of New York
Donald B. Walker
Kent State University
Jeffery T. Walker
University of Arkansas, Little Rock
Samuel Walker
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Harvey Wallace
California State University, Fresno
Patrick D. Walsh
Loyola University New Orleans
John Wang
California State University, Long Beach
Richard H. Ward
Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX
Vincent J. Webb
Center for the Study of Crime,
Delinquency, and Corrections, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale
Ralph A. Weisheit
Illinois State University
L. Edward Wells
Illinois State University
William Wells
Center for the Study of Crime,
Delinquency, and Corrections,
Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale
Chuck Wexler
Police Executive Research Forum,
Washington, DC
Carrie Morgan Whitcomb
National Center for Forensic Science,
Orlando, FL
Michael D. White
John Jay College of Criminal Justice,
City University of New York
Brian N. Williams
School of Public & International Affairs,
University of Georgia
Frank Williams
University of Houston-Downtown
Donald C. Witham
FBI Academy
Russell Wolff
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern
University
Robert E. Worden
School of Criminal Justice, State
University of New York at Albany
Shiho Yamamoto
California State University, Fresno
Olivia Yu
University of Texas-San Antonio
Jihong Zhao
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Israt T. Zohra
University of Arkansas, Little Rock
xviii
CONTRIBUTORS
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Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:

Police -- United States -- Encyclopedias.
Criminology -- United States -- Encyclopedias.
Justice, Administration of -- United States -- Encyclopedias.