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CONTENTS Associate Editors vii List of Contributors ix Introduction xix List of Entries A¿Z xxix Entries A¿Z 1 Index 00 v Comp. by: womat Date:3/6/06 Time:18:38:22 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086791.3D Proof by: QC by: Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:28:34 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086792.3D Proof by: QC by: ASSOCIATE EDITORS Gary W. Cordner College of Justice and Safety Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY Edward R. Maguire Administration of Justice Program George Mason University, Manassas, VA Peter K. Manning College of Criminal Justice Northeastern University, Boston, MA vii Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:28:35 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086792.3D Proof by: QC by: Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:14 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: CONTRIBUTORS Julie C. Abril University of California, Irvine Geoffrey Alpert University of South Carolina, Columbia Karen L. Amendola Police Foundation, Washington, DC Malcolm Anderson University of Edinburgh, Scotland W. Carsten Andresen College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Edward J. Appel Joint Council on Information Age Crime, Bethesda, MD Richard M. Ayers Fredericksburg, VA Ryan Baggett Eastern Kentucky University William G. Bailey Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX Thomas E. Baker University of Scranton, Scranton, PA Clifford Barcliff Police Futurists International Emmanuel P. Barthe University of Nevada¿Reno Margaret F. Beare Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption, York University, Toronto Joanne Belknap University of Cincinnati Eric Bellone University of Massachusetts¿Lowell Trevor Bennett University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales Julie Berg Institute of Criminology, University of Cape Town, South Africa Elizabeth P. Biebel Eastern Kentucky University Pia Biswas Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ William P. Bloss The Citadel John M. Boal Summit College, The University of Akron, Akron, OH Heidi S. Bonner School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York at Albany Jeb Booth College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University ix Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:15 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: Anthony V. Bouza Minneapolis Police Department Lorenzo M. Boyd University of North Texas, Denton, TX Rebecca J. Boyd Indiana University of Pennsylvania Anthony A. Braga John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Jean-Paul Brodeur Universite´ de Montreal, Que´bec Michael F. Brown Southeast Missouri State University Michael E. Buerger Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH Richard Butler New Jersey State Parole Board Donald A. Cabana University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS Dawn M. Caldwell Isle of Palms Police Department, Isle of Palms, SC Jack E. Call Radford University, Radford, VA Liqun Cao Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI Philip E. Carlan University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS David L. Carter Michigan State University Derral Cheatwood University of Texas at San Antonio Steven Chermak Indiana University, Bloomington Alice H. Choi California State University, Sacramento Stephen E. Clark University of California, Riverside Janice E. Clifford Auburn University, Auburn, AL Peter A. Collins Boise State University John A. Conley University of Wisconsin¿Milwaukee Ed Connors Institute for Law and Justice, Alexandria, VA Gary Cordner Eastern Kentucky University Elizabeth Corzine McMullan University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS Tom Cowper Police Futurists International Stephen M. Cox Central Connecticut State University Charles Crawford Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI Shea W. Cronin American University G. David Curry University of Missouri-St. Louis Douglas Davenport Truman State University, Kirksville, MO Phillip A. Davidson Tennessee Law Enforcement Training Academy x CONTRIBUTORS Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:15 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: Andrew Davies State University of New York at Albany Michael Davis Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL Robert C. Davis Police Foundation, Washington, DC Scott H. Decker University of Missouri-St. Louis Mathieu Deflem University of South Carolina, Columbia Rolando V. del Carmen Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX Ronald G. DeLord Combined Law Enforcement Association of Texas Stephen Demuth Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH Ramesh Deosaran The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad Sara Buck Doude University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS Jerry Dowling Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX Roger G. Dunham University of Miami, FL Terence Dunworth Justice Policy Center, The Urban Institute, Washington, DC Mary Ann Eastep University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL Max Edelbacher Federal Police of Austria Steven A. Egger Sangamon State University, Springfield, IL Katherine W. Ellison Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ Preston Elrod Eastern Kentucky University Ayn Embar-Seddon Capella University Edna Erez Kent State University Richard V. Ericson University of Toronto Michael Erp Washington State University Finn-Aage Esbensen University of Missouri-St. Louis Stephanie Fahy College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University David N. Falcone Illinois State University Amy Farrell College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Graham Farrell Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK Gilles Favarel-Garrigues Centre d¿Etudes et de Recherches Internationales, Paris Mora Fiedler Denver, Colorado Police Department xi CONTRIBUTORS Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:15 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: Nigel G. Fielding University of Surrey, UK Janet E. Fine Massachusetts Office for Victim Assistance, Boston, MA Vern L. Folley David R. Forde University of Memphis Brian Forst School of Public Affairs, American University J. Price Foster University of Louisville James Alan Fox College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Lorie Fridell Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC Larry K. Gaines California State University, San Bernardino Catherine A. Gallagher George Mason University Venessa Garcia Kean University, Union, NJ Jennifer F. Gardner University of Alabama Shirley Garick Texas A&M University, Texarkana Gilbert Geis University of California, Irvine Martin Gill Perpetuity Research & Consultancy International (PRCI) Ltd, Leicester, UK Lauren Giordano College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Ronald W. Glensor City of Reno, Nevada, Police Department Barry Goetz Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI Zenta Gomez-Smith University of Florida, Gainesville Lindsey Green University of Missouri-St. Louis Jack R. Greene College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Roberta Griffith College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University M. R. Haberfeld John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Douglas R. Haegi Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA Kevin D. Haggerty University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Bernard E. Harcourt University of Chicago Erin Harrell Eastern Kentucky University Craig Hemmens Boise State University Nicole J. Henderson Vera Institute of Justice, New York, NY Vincent Henry Homeland Security Management Institute of Long Island University xii CONTRIBUTORS Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:16 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: Matthew J. Hickman U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC Dennis E. Hoffman University of Nebraska-Omaha Larry T. Hoover Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX Frank Horvath Michigan State University Martin Innes University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK Silvina Ituarte California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA Jenephyr James Indiana University of Pennsylvania John P. Jarvis Federal Bureau of Investigation Charles L. Johnson Washington State University Richard Johnson University of Cincinnati Greg Jones Police FoundationWashington, DC Tom Jordan Texas A&M University, Texarkana Josephine A. Kahler Texas A&M University, Texarkana Robert J. Kane College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Victor E. Kappeler Eastern Kentucky University Sinead Keegan John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Todd D. Keister Bureau of Criminal Investigation, Binghamton, NY Roger L. Kemp City Manager, Vallejo, CA Michael Kempa University of Ottawa, Ontario Dennis Jay Kenney John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Raymond G. Kessler Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX Denise Kindschi Gosselin Western New England College, Springfield, MA William R. King Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH Brian F. Kingshot Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI Paul M. Klenowski Indiana University of Pennsylvania David Klinger University of Missouri-St. Louis Peter B. Kraska Eastern Kentucky University Tyler S. Krueger University of Georgia, Atlanta, GA Kristen J. Kuehnle Salem State College, Salem, MA Joseph B. Kuhns III University of North Carolina at Charlotte xiii CONTRIBUTORS Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:16 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: Henry C. Lee The Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT Tina L. Lee The University of Tennessee at Martin David Lester Stockton State College, Pomona, NJ John Liederbach College of Public Affairs and Community Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX Edith Linn Kean University, Union, NJ Elizabeth Loftus University of California at Irvine Kamala London University of Toledo, OH Vivian B. Lord University of North Carolina, Charlotte Roy Lotz John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Nicholas P. Lovrich Washington State University Cynthia M. Lum George Mason University Arthur J. Lurigio Loyola University Chicago M. Kimberly MacLin University of Northern Iowa Donal E. J. MacNamara John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Sean Maddan University of Nebraska at Omaha Edward R. Maguire George Mason University Peter K. Manning College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Catherine M. D. Marcum Indiana University of Pennsylvania Otwin Marenin Washington State University Chris E. Marshall University of Nebraska at Omaha Ineke Haen Marshall Northeastern University Mark Marsolais Northern Kentucky University Gary T. Marx Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bill Maxwell Royal Canadian Mounted Police David C. May Eastern Kentucky University Linda Mayberry Eastern Kentucky University Lorraine Mazerolle School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Paul Mazerolle University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Kimberly A. McCabe Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA Timothy E. McClure Eastern Kentucky University xiv CONTRIBUTORS Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:16 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: Jack McDevitt College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University David McDowall School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York at Albany J. Thomas McEwen Institute for Law and Justice, Alexandria, VA Paul McKenna University of Toronto E. Roland Menzel Texas Tech University Greg Meyer Los Angeles Police Academy J. Mitchell Miller University of South Carolina, Columbia Gilbert Moore Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, US Department of Justice, Washington, DC Andrew Morabito International Association of Chiefs of Police, Alexandria, VA Stephen J. Morewitz The Society for the Study of Social Problems, San Francisco, CA Laura J. Moriarty Virginia Commonwealth University Frank Morn Illinois State University Nancy Morris University of Maryland Gregory B. Morrison Ball State University, Muncie, IN Melissa Motschall Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI Jerry Needle International Association of Chiefs of Police, Alexandria, VA Elaine Niederhoffer New York City Public School System Robert S. Newsom San Diego County Sheriff¿s Department Lisa S. Nored University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS Carla M. Noziglia Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Martin L. O¿Connor C.W. Post, Long Island University Timothy N. Oettmeier Houston Police Department Godpower O. Okereke Texas A&M University, Texarkana Lacey N. Ore Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA Timothy M. Palmbach The Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT George Parangimalil Texas A&M University, Texarkana Joseph E. Pascarella University of Maryland Nikos Passas College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Allan D. Pass National Behavioral Science Consultants xv CONTRIBUTORS Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:16 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: Anthony M. Pate April Pattavina University of Massachusetts¿Lowell Derek Paulsen Eastern Kentucky University Brian K. Payne Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA Kenneth J. Peake University of Nevada, Reno William V. Pelfrey, Jr. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Wendy Perkins University of Cincinnati Glenn L. Pierce Institute for Security and Public Policy, Northeastern University Alex R. Piquero Center for Studies in Criminology and Law, University of Florida, Gainesville Mark R. Pogrebin Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado, Denver Eric D. Poole University of Colorado, Denver Gary W. Potter Eastern Kentucky University Tony G. Poveda State University of New York at Plattsburgh Tim Prenzler School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Daniel Price Providence College, Providence, RI Faiza Qureshi Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK Michael L. Radelet University of Colorado-Boulder R. K. Raghavan Tata Consultancy Services Limited Raymond R. Rainville St. Peter¿s College, Jersey City, NJ Melissa M. Reuland Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC Malcolm Richards Gloucestershire Constabulary, UK James F. Richardson University of Akron, OH Albert R. Roberts Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ Jennifer B. Robinson College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Marcus K. Rogers Purdue University Jeffrey Rojeck University of South Carolina Kevin Roland Urban Institute, Washington, DC Michael R. Ronczkowski Miami-Dade Police Department Danielle Rousseau College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Lorie Rubenser Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX Gregory Saville University of New Haven xvi CONTRIBUTORS Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:17 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: Kathryn E. Scarborough Eastern Kentucky University Joseph A. Schafer Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Christopher J. Schmidt Pennsylvania Supreme Court Jennifer Schwartz The Pennsylvania State University Forrest R. Scogin University of Alabama Ellen Scrivner Bureau of Administrative Services, City of Chicago Police Department Thomas M. Seamon Hallcrest Systems, Inc., North Wales, PA Thomas D. Shahady Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA Clifford Shearing The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Lawrence W. Sherman Jerry Lee Center of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania Stan Shernock Norwich University, Northfield, VT Wallace W. Sherwood College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Eli Silverman John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York David R. Simon University of North Florida Simon I. Singer College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Wesley G. Skogan Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University John J. Sloan, III University of Alabama-Birmingham Beverly A. Smith Illinois State University Loretta J. Stalans Loyola University Chicago Darrell Steffensmeier The Pennsylvania State University Dennis J. Stevens University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS James K. Stewart Center for Naval Analysis, Alexandria,VA Victor G. Strecher Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX Kathleen M. Sweet Purdue University Gary W. Sykes Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA Morris A. Taylor Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL Robert W. Taylor University of North Texas, Denton, TX R. Alan Thompson Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA Jeremy Travis John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Craig D. Uchida Justice and Security Strategies, Silver Spring, MD xvii CONTRIBUTORS Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:16:40:17 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/ Production/PRODENV/0000000020/0000000978/0000000005/0000086793.3D Proof by: QC by: Jason S. Ulsperger Arkansas Tech University Sean P. Varano College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Tracy A. Varano Criminal History Systems Board, Chelsea, MA William J. Vizzard California State University, Sacramento Robert B. Voas Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD Maria R. Volpe John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Donald B. Walker Kent State University Jeffery T. Walker University of Arkansas, Little Rock Samuel Walker University of Nebraska at Omaha Harvey Wallace California State University, Fresno Patrick D. Walsh Loyola University New Orleans John Wang California State University, Long Beach Richard H. Ward Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX Vincent J. Webb Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Ralph A. Weisheit Illinois State University L. Edward Wells Illinois State University William Wells Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Chuck Wexler Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC Carrie Morgan Whitcomb National Center for Forensic Science, Orlando, FL Michael D. White John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Brian N. Williams School of Public & International Affairs, University of Georgia Frank Williams University of Houston-Downtown Donald C. Witham FBI Academy Russell Wolff College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University Robert E. Worden School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York at Albany Shiho Yamamoto California State University, Fresno Olivia Yu University of Texas-San Antonio Jihong Zhao University of Nebraska at Omaha Israt T. Zohra University of Arkansas, Little Rock xviii CONTRIBUTORS Comp. by: sugumar Date:3/6/06 Time:17:47:07 Stage:First Proof File Path://Spsind002s/
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Police -- United States -- Encyclopedias.
Criminology -- United States -- Encyclopedias.
Justice, Administration of -- United States -- Encyclopedias.