Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.
Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding.
CONTENTS Acknowledgments A Note to Students and Teachers Preface Part I: Communicating with Video CHAPTER 1: THE VIDEO PRODUCTION PROCESS The stages of video production Preproduction Production Postproduction Who Does What? KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW INDUSTRY VOICES CHAPTER 2: VIDEO AS COMMUNICATION THE PROGRAM CONCEPT Identifying the Concept Context. Topic. Purpose. Genre. Audience. Justifying the Concept AUDIENCES, MEDIA, AND MESSAGES Our Changing Media Interactivity. Convergence. The key to new technology: user appeal. Tailoring Programs to Audiences Practical Advice from the Past Ethos, or source credibility. Logos, or reasoning ability. pathos, or emotional appeal. Age and message receptivity. Message construction and style. Modern Communication Research Information Theory Information as reduction of uncertainty. Noise as an unintended signal component. Linear and Nonlinear Communication Models Message Effects Selective perception and retention. Behavioral aspects of message effects. Consistency and balance theories of persuasion. Long-term public communication campaigns. The Universal Audience KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Checklist for Developing Your Program Concept CHAPTER 3: HOW TELEVISION WORKS Broadcasting and the Significance of Code The physical nature of radio energy Propagating Radio Waves Converting Sound Into Electrical Energy Modulating Radio Waves With Audio Signals Attenuation and Amplification Modulating the Carrier Transmitting the Carrier Demodulating the Carrier Channel Space Converting Light Into Electrical Energy Photo-Conductivity Photo-Emissive Effect Monochrome Video Scanning Interlaced Scanning Receiver Operation Color Transmission and Reception Chrominance, Luminance, and Saturation Signal Transmission The Adoption of a Digital Television (DTV) Standard Characteristics of the New Standard COMPUTERS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN VIDEO COMPUTERS The Binary Number System ASCII: Why ?1? is a Beautiful Number in the Computer World The Implications of This Trend for Accommodating Text Capturing Sound and Video with Binary Code Standard Computer Architecture: ALU, CCU, Memory, Input, and Output From Tubes to Transistors Chip manufacturing TELECOMMUNICATIONS Analog vs. Digital Signals Packet Switching Throughput Digital Compression Video Distribution and Delivery Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber Terrestrial Microwave Transmission Satellites Cellular telephony Technical Principles Mobile Telephone Switching Office KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Part II: ELEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES OF VIDEO PRODUCTION CHAPTER 4: LIGHT AND LENSES Light as radiant energy Focusing characteristics of lenses Aesthetic effects of lenses Zoom lenses Contrast and color KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW CHAPTER 5: LIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND DESIGN LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Lighting Grid Dimmer Board Lighting Instruments Additional Lighting Equipment FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING DESIGN A Sample Naturalistic Light Plot DEPARTURES FROM NATURALISM Flat Lighting MOTIVATING LIGHT SOURCES Sunlight and sunset. Moonlight. General daylight. Fixture lighting LIGHTING IN MORE COMPLICATED CASES FIELD LIGHTING Procedures Equipment KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Working with Lighting Equipment Eliminating Unwanted Shadows CHAPTER 6: USING THE CAMERA CAMERA MOUNTS AND CAMERA MOVEMENT Tripods, Wheels, and Dollies Studio Pedestals Mounting Heads Jibs Body and Vehicle Mounts The Language of Camera Movement ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS OF CAMERAS Viewfinders. Zoom and focus controls. Tally lights Intercoms and headsets. Cue cards Teleprompters BASIC DESIGN ELEMENTS OF PICTURE COMPOSITION Line and shape Texture Pattern Color and contrast. Depth and perspective. Placement of key elements. Balance. Unity and variety. PICTURE COMPOSITION IN VIDEO Framing Using the Z-Axis Focus Camera Angle Types of Camera Shots Establishing and master shots One-shots and two-shots Long shots, medium shots, and close-ups Head, bust, and waist shots. Over-the-shoulder shots. Reveals and trims. A FINAL NOTE ABOUT PICTURE COMPOSITION KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Working with Cameras INDUSTRY VOICES CHAPTER 7: UNDERSTANDING SOUND AND MICROPHONES THE NATURE OF SOUND The Sound Wave Amplitude and loudness Frequency and loudness Wavelength and phase Waveforms and timbre The Sound Envelope MICROPHONES: BASIC TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS Generating Elements Capacitor microphones Dynamic microphones Ribbon microphones Performance Characteristics Pick-up Patterns MICROPHONE SELECTION Audio Design Principles On-camera vs. off-camera mics Visible Mics Lavaliere (lapel) mics. Headset mics. Hand mics. Desk mics. Stand mics. Off-Camera Mics Hanging mics. Concealed mics. Boom mics. Long-distance mics. Pressure-zone mics. Wireless Mics Other Technical Considerations Proximity effect. Microphone impedance. Balanced vs. unbalanced lines. STEREO AND SURROUND SOUND Problems in Stereo Miking Surround Sound KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Handling Microphones Open and Close Miking of Musical Performances CHAPTER 8: AUDIO PROCESSING AND AESTHETICS USING SOUND FROM AUDIO SOURCES Optical Disks Audiotape Open-reel tape. Tape cassettes Digital Audiotape (DAT) Musical instrument digital interface. Videotape and Film Soundtracks AUDIO CONSOLES Input Levels and Channels Volume and Gain Controls Cueing and Monitoring Sources Other Functions of the Audio Console Computer Editing Patching SOUND EFFECTS APPLYING AUDIO PRINCIPLES IN ACTUAL SETTINGS A Multi-Camera Studio Setting Pre-Production. Production Postproduction. A Single-Camera Field Setting Preproduction. Production. Postproduction. KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW A Legal Note About Digital Technology Some Common Features of Audio Consoles. Using Patch Panels Creating Simple Sound Effects CHAPTER 9: GRAPHIC AND SET DESIGN GRAPHIC DESIGN Camera Graphics Computer-Generated Graphics Character generator Digitizing video images Electronic still store. Video-paintbox programs. Three-dimensional graphics and computer animation Digital still cameras PRINCIPLES FOR CREATING AIR-QUALITY GRAPHICS Aspect Ratio Scanning Area and Essential Area Brightness and Contrast Issues Color Context and Compatibility Graphic Design Sets Tone and Style Studio or camera cards. Mounting artwork on studio cards SET DESIGN Categories of Scenery Style Realistic Representational Abstract-symbolic. Fantasy Neutral BASIC SET ELEMENTS Floor Treatments Platforms or risers. Hanging Units Cycloramas Black velour curtain Canvas drops Seamless paper Standard Set Pieces Columns Screens Gobos Polecats Properties, Furniture, and Set Dressings PRODUCTION PHASES IN SET DESIGN Preproduction The scale floor plan Models Production and Postproduction ELECTRONIC AND MECHANICAL EFFECTS IN SET DESIGN Electronic Effects Chroma key Mechanical Effects Choosing Between Electronic and Mechanical Effects KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Questions to Ask Yourself When Producing Graphics Sets and the Videospace INDUSTRY VOICES CHAPTER 10: VIDEO PROCESSING THE VIDEO SWITCHER Simple Transitions Cuts or Takes Synchronous and non-synchronous sources Mixing Video Signals Fades Dissolves. Superimpositions From Mixes to Special Effects Key Effects Luminance or insert keying Chroma key effects Matte keying Internal versus external keying Downstream key Wipe Effects MORE COMPLEX EFFECTS AND TRANSITIONS Mix/Effects Banks Cascading: Multiple M/E Systems Computer-Assisted Switchers DIGITAL VIDEO EFFECTS GENERATORS Digital video effects (DVE) KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW INDUSTRY VOICES PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Ensuring Good Chroma Key Effects Additional Switcher Options CHAPTER 11: FIELD PRODUCTION TELEVISION WAR COVERAGE: A CASE STUDY IN FIELD PRODUCTION THREE BASIC CONCEPTS Reach. Range interactivity ELECTRONIC NEWS GATHERING The ENG Mobile Unit and Equipment Signal Transmission and Relay Facilities The ENG Preproduction Stage Cameras and tape Lighting Audio The ENG Production Stage Sequential thinking Jump cuts. Cutting on action Cut-ins or inserts Cutaways The reverse-angle shot. Directional continuity Matching camera angles Panning the camera ENG in extreme weather Live ENG communication systems. Tape logs The ENG Postproduction Stage ELECTRONIC FIELD PRODUCTION The EFP Mobile Unit and Equipment Cameras Lighting and filters Audio. The EFP Preproduction Stage The EFP Production Stage Meetings and news conferences Documentary and magazine features The EFP Postproduction Stage MULTI-CAMERA REMOTE PRODUCTION The MCR Mobile Unit and Equipment The MCR Preproduction Stage The MCR Production Stage The MCR Postproduction Stage INDUSTRY VOICES KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW Code of Broadcast News Ethics PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Panning the Camera in Field Production CHAPTER 12: EDITING: AESTHETICS AND TECHNIQUES EDITING AESTHETICS Continuity Editing Shot order and cause-and-effect relationships Unity in space and time Additional continuity concepts Classical Editing Reaction shots and parallel editing The traditions of formalism and realism Dynamic Editing: Thematic Montage Pictorial Complexity and Mise en Sc¿ne Editing The Nesters Continuity editing Classical editing Dynamic editing Editing Sound Synchronous and asynchronous sound Technical Advances Influence Editing Decisions Throwing Out All the Rules EDITING TECHNIQUES Control Track Editing with the Basic Two-Deck System Logging Footage and Making an Edit Decision List Frame Counting Assemble and Insert Editing Executing assemble edits. Previewing and performing edits Prerolling tapes SMPTE/EBU Time Code Setting time code before a shoot Drop-frame and non-drop-frame time code. Time-code readers The Expanded Meanings of ?On-Line? and ?Off-Line? Editing Multi-Source Editing Analog and Digital Recording Systems: Tape and Disk Formats Nonlinear Digital Editing Before you begin Basic first steps Your editing environment Additional windows that deserve mention Basic Editing Procedures Special effects phase Outputting phase INDUSTRY VOICES KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Continuity Editing PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Editing Sound Part III: Production Roles CHAPTER 13: WRITING AND SCRIPT FORMATS PRINCIPLES OF VIDEO WRITING Characteristics of the Medium Pictures, sound, and words: the goal of synergy The impact of editing Fixed program time and order Telegraphing Characteristics of Audience and Genre Characteristics of the Competitive Market BASIC SCRIPT FORMATS The Rule of Pragmatism The Director?s Working Script News Scripts Newswriting, ethics, and the law Scripts for Commercials Full-Page Scripts Scriptwriting Software A FINAL NOTE KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Preparing a Split-Page Script PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Preparing news scripts CHAPTER 14: PRODUCING AND DIRECTING PRODUCING Different Producer Levels Executive producer Staff producer Agency producer Free-lance producer Producing in the Preproduction Stage Concept development The program proposal Planning meetings and script preparation Keeping a production book Release forms and copyright clearances Producing in the Production Stage Coordinating and delegating responsibility Publicity and promotions Observing and taking notes during shooting Producing in the Postproduction Stage Dealing with Artistic and Technical Unions Audience Measurement and Ratings DIRECTING Qualities of Directors The director as artist and technical expert The director as psychologist The director as manager, organizer, and coordinator Directing in the Preproduction Stage Conducting production meetings Refining the script and floor plan Script marking Preparing storyboards and shot sheets Talent and camera blocking Early rehearsals Full studio rehearsals Dress rehearsals Directing in the Production Stage Techniques for delivering director?s cues The importance of anticipation The director?s use of time Directing in the Postproduction Stage A FINAL WORD KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW CHAPTER 15: PERFORMING TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF VIDEO PERFORMING Scanning System Color, Contrast Ratio, and Lighting Depth of Field and Framing Orientation and Movement of Talent Camera switching Blocking and pace Cheating to the camera Controlling dead space Performing in edited productions Using Microphones SOCIAL AND AESTHETIC ASPECTS OF VIDEO PERFORMING Auditioning Performer and Director Performer and Floor Manager Performing with Other Talent Performer, Audience, and Program Content Video Makeup Using makeup to control shine and uneven skin tone Dealing with color distortion Powdering Shading and highlighting Rouge Eye makeup Advanced makeup materials Makeup equipment KEY TERMS QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Choosing a Video Wardrobe PROFESSIONAL POINTERS Makeup procedures BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY INDEX
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Motion pictures -- Production and direction.
Digital cinematography.