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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. A DISTURBING MOSAIC Cluster 1: Tilted Jobs in a Global Economy Cluster 2: Disinvestment in the Future Loss of Human Capital Higher Education as a Private Good Trends in Corporate Research Funding for Research in the Physical Sciences and Engineering Cluster 3: Reactions to 9/11 New Visa Policies The Use of Export Controls Sensitive but Unclassified Information The Public Recognizes the Challenges Discovery and Applications: Keys to Competitiveness and Prosperity Action Now Conclusion 2. WHY ARE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CRITICAL TO AMERICA¿S PROSPERITY IN THE 21st CENTURY? Ensuring Economic Well-Being Creating New Industries Promoting Public Health Caring for the Environment Water Quality Automobiles and Gasoline Refrigeration Agricultural Mechanization Improving the Standard of Living Electrification and Household Appliances Transportation Communication Disaster Mitigation Energy Conservation Understanding How People Learn Securing the Homeland Conclusion 3. HOW IS AMERICA DOING NOW IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY? Science and Engineering Advantage Other Nations Are Following Our Lead and Catching Up International Competition for Talent Strains on Research in the Private Sector Restraints on Public Funding Expanded Mission for Federal Laboratories Educational Challenges K¿12 Performance Student Interest in Science and Engineering Careers Balancing Security and Openness Conclusion 4. METHOD Review of Literature and Past Committee Recommendations Focus Groups Committee Discussion and Analysis Cautions Conclusion 5. WHAT ACTIONS SHOULD AMERICA TAKE IN K-12 SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION TO REMAIN PROSPEROUS IN THE 21st CENTURY?: 10,000 TEACHERS-10 MILLION MINDS Action A-1: 10,000 Teachers for 10 Million Minds Action A-2: A Quarter of a Million Teachers Inspiring Young Minds Every Day Part 1: Summer Institutes Part 2: Science and Mathematics Master¿s Programs Part 3: Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate, and Pre-AP-IB Education Part 4: K¿12 Curricular Materials Modeled on World-Class Standards Action A-3: Expand the Pipeline Effective, Continuing Programs Statewide Specialty High Schools Inquiry-Based Learning Conclusion 6. WHAT ACTIONS SHOULD AMERICA TAKE IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH TO REMAIN PROSPEROUS IN THE 21st CENTURY?: SOWING THE SEEDS Action B-1: Funding for Basic Research Action B-2: Early-Career Researchers Action B-3: Research Infrastructure Action B-4: High- Risk Research Action B-5: Use DARPA As a Model for Energy Research Action B-6: Prizes and Awards Conclusion 7. WHAT ACTIONS SHOULD AMERICA TAKE IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING HIGHER EDUCATION TO REMAIN PROSPEROUS IN THE 21st CENTURY?: BEST AND BRIGHEST Action C-1: Undergraduate Education Action C-2: Graduate Education Action C-3: Continuing Education Action C-4: Improving Visa Processing Action C-5: Extending Visa and Expedite Residence Status of S&E PhDs Action C-6: Skill-based Immigration Action C-7: Reform the current system of ¿deemed exports¿ Conclusion 8. WHAT ACTIONS SHOULD AMERICA TAKE IN ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY TO REMAIN PROSPEROUS IN THE 21st CENTURY?: INCENTIVES FOR INNOVATION Action D-1: Enhance the Patent System Action D-2: Strengthen the R&D Tax Credit Action D-3: Provide Incentives for US-Based Innovation Action D-4: Ensure Ubiquitous Broadband Internet Access Conclusion 9. WHAT MIGHT THE UNITED STATES BE LIKE IF IT IS NOT COMPETITIVE IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY? The American Century New Global Innovation Economy Emerging Markets Innovation-Based Development The Global Innovation Enterprise The Emerging Global Labor Market Aging and Entitlements Scenarios for America¿s Future in Science and Technology Scenario 1: Baseline, America¿s Narrowing Lead Scenario 2: Pessimistic Case, America Falls Behind Scenario 3: Optimistic Case, America Leads in Key Areas Conclusion APPENDIX A Committee and Professional Staff Biographic Information, A-1 B Task Statements, B-1 C Focus Group Sessions, C-1 D Background Papers, D-1 * K¿12 Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education, K12-1 * Attracting the Most Able US Students to Science and Engineering, TS-1 * Undergraduate, Graduate, and Postgraduate Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, HE-1 * Implications of Changes in the Financing of Public Higher Education, PHE-1 * International Students and Researchers in the United States, IS-1 * Achieving Balance and Adequacy in Federal S&T Funding, R&D-1 * The Productivity of Scientific and Technological Research, RP-1 * Investing in High-Risk and Breakthrough Research, HRR-1 * Ensuring That the United States Is At the Forefront in Critical Fields of Science and Technology, EL-1 * Understanding Trends in Science and Technology Critical To US Prosperity, UT-1 * Ensuring That the United States Has the Best Environment for Innovation, EI-1 * Scientific Communication and Security, SC&C-1 * Science and Technology Issues in National and Homeland Security, NHS-1 E Recommendation Cost Estimate, E-1 F K¿12 Recommendation Supplementary Information, F-1 G Bibliography, G-1 BOXES: 1-1 Another Point of View: The World Is Not Flat 2-1 Another Point of View: Science, Technology, and Society 2-2 Twenty Great Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century 3-1 Pasteur¿s Quadrant 3-2 Another Point of View: US Competitiveness 6-1 Another Point of View: Research Funding 6-2 DARPA 6-3 Another Point of View: ARPA-E 6-4 Energy and the Economy 6-5 The Invention of the Transistor 6-6 Illustration of Energy Technologies 7-1 Another Point of View: Science and Engineering Human Resources 7-2 National Defense Education Act 7-3 The 214b provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act 8-1 Another Point of View: Innovation Incentives 8-2 A Data-Exclusivity Case Study 8-3 Finland 8-4 South Korea 8-5 Ireland 8-6 Singapore 8-7 Canada FIGURES: 2-1 Incidences of selected diseases in the United States 2-2 U.S. farm Productivity 1800 -1990 2-3 Gross domestic product. In the 20th century, US GDP rose almost sevenfold 2-4 Patents granted by the United States. Examples of critical technologies patented by US researchers 2-5 Magabyte prices and microprocessor speed. Moore¿s law maintained: megabyte prices decreased as microprocessor speed increase 2-6 Percentage of children ages 3-17 who have acess to a house computer and who use the internet at home, selected years, 1984-2001 2-7a Life expectance at birth, this millennium. Life expectancy has increased, particularly in the last century 2-7b Life expectancy at birth and at 85 years of age by sex, U.S. 1901-2002 2-8a Relative cancer survival rates 2-8b Heart disease mortality 2-9a Infant mortality 2-9b Maternal mortality 2-10 Comparison of growth areas and emission 2-11 US housing and electrification 2-12a Ground transportation 2-12b Air travel 2-13 Modern communication 2-14 Energy intensity, primary energy 3-1 R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP 3-2 US patent applications 3-3 Total science and engineering articles with international coauthors 3-4 Disciplinary strengths in the US, the 15 EU nations, and the UK 3-5 United States trade balance for high-technology products 3-6 Doctorate production in science and engineering 3-7 Doctorates awarded by US institutions, by field and citizenship status 3-8 The majority of people with S&E doctorates obtain nonacademic jobs 3-9a US R&D funding, By Source of Funds 3-9b R&D shares of US gross domestic product 3-10 Venture capital funding 3-11 Offshored services market size 3-12 Expenditures in the 6.1 portion of the DOD budget for basic research 3-13 Trends in Federal Research by Discipline, FY 1970 -2004 3-14 Student achievement on the mathematics portion of the NAEP 3-15 Student achievement on the science portion of the NAEP 3-16a Percentage of 24-year-olds with first university degrees in the natural sciences or engineering, relative to all first university degree recipients 3-16b Percentage of 24-year-olds with first university degrees in the natural sciences or engineering relative to all 24-year-olds 3-17 Science and engineering bachelor¿s degrees, by field 5-1a Students recommended for secondary teaching certification in mathematics and science at UT Austin 5-1b UTeach minority enrollment, quality of undergraduate students in the program, student retention and performance 5-2 Professional development of teachers increases student achievement in science 5-3 The number of AP examinations in mathematics, science, and English taken in APIP schools in the Dallas Independent School District (DISD) 6-1 Research and development shares of US gross domestic product: 1953-2003 6-2 Trends in federal research by discipline, fiscal year 1970-2004 9-1 Growth of emerging markets 9-2 International production of science and engineering doctorates compared with US production TABLES 2-1 Annual Rate of Return on Public R&D Investment 2-2 Annual Rate of Return on Private R&D Investment 2-3 Sales and Employment in the IT Industry 3-1 Publications and Citations Weighted by Total Population and Number of University Researchers 3-2 Change in Applications, Admissions, and Enrollment of International Graduate Students 3-3 R&E Tax Claims and US Corporate Tax Returns 3-4 Early-Stage Venture Capital, Including SBIR, ATP, and Private Sources 5-1 Students in US Public Schools Taught by Teachers with No Major or Certification in the Subject Taught 5-2 Six-Year Graduation Rate of Students Who Passed AP Examinations and Students Who Did Not Take AP Examinations 5-3 Achievement of US AP Calculus and Physics Students Who Participated in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Compared with Average International Scores 6-1 Specific Recommendations for Federal Research Funding 6-2 Annual Number of PECASE Awards, by Agency 8-1 Overview of R&D Tax Incentives in Other Countries
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
United States -- Economic conditions -- Forecasting.
Globalization.
United States -- Economic policy.