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Section I General biomedical optics theory 1 Introduction to the use of light for diagnostic and therapeutic modalities 1.1 What is biomedical optics? 1.2 Biomedical optics timeline 1.2.1 Elementary optical discoveries 1.2.2 Development of optical devices 1.2.3 Scientific advancements in optics theory 1.3 Historical events in therapeutic and diagnostic use of light 1.3.1 Development of therapeutic applications of light in medicine 1.3.2 Development of diagnostic optical applications 1.4 Light sources 1.5 Current state of the art 1.6 Summary 1.7 Additional reading 1.8 Problems 2 Review of optical principles, fundamental electromagnetic theory, and description of light sources 2.1 Definitions in optics 2.2 Kirchhoff¿s laws of radiation 2.2.1 Planck function for black body radiation 2.3 Electromagnetic wave theory 2.3.1 Gauss¿s law 2.3.2 Faraday¿s law 2.3.3 Maxwell equations 2.3.4 Energy and momentum of electromagnetic waves 2.3.5 Coherence of electromagnetic waves 2.3.6 Interference of electromagnetic waves 2.3.7 Phase velocity 2.3.8 Group velocity 2.3.9 Cauchy theorem 2.3.10 Electromagnetic wave spectrum 2.4 Light sources 2.4.1 Broad band light sources 2.4.2 LASER operation 2.4.3 LASER light sources 2.5 Applications of various lasers 2.6 Summary 2.7 Additional reading 2.8 Problems 3 Review of optical principles; classical optics 3.1 Geometrical optics 3.1.1 Huygens¿ principle 3.1.2 Laws of geometrical optics 3.1.3 Fermat¿s principle 3.1.4 Ray optics 3.2 Other optical principles 3.3 Quantum physics 3.4 Gaussian optics 3.5 Summary 3.6 Additional reading 3.7 Problems 4 Review of optical interaction properties 4.1 Absorption and scattering 4.1.1 Light and atom interactions overview 4.1.2 Absorption 4.1.3 Scattering 4.1.4 Mie scattering 4.1.5 Raman scattering 4.2 Doppler effect 4.3 Summary 4.4 Additional reading 4.5 Problems 5 Light-tissue interaction variables 5.1 Laser variables 5.1.1 Laser power 5.1.2 Light delivery protocol 5.1.3 Power density profile of the beam 5.1.4 Gaussian beam profile 5.1.5 Top-hat beam profile 5.1.6 Irradiation spot size: 5.1.7 Power density and energy density of a light source 5.1.8 Local beam angle of incidence with the tissue 5.1.9 Collimated or diffuse irradiation 5.1.10 Light wavelength 5.1.11 Repetition rate 5.1.12 Pulse length 5.1.13 Light delivery pulse modulation 5.2 Tissue variables 5.2.1 Optical properties of the tissue 5.2.2 Surface contour 5.2.3 Tissue temperature 5.2.4 Thermodynamic tissue properties 5.2.5 Tissue blood flow and blood content 5.3 Light transportation theory 5.3.1 The time-dependent angular and spatial photon energy rate distribution 5.3.2 Steady state angular and spatial photon energy rate distribution 5.3.3 Boundary conditions 5.3.4 Radiation definitions for turbid media 5.4 Light propagation under dominant absorption 5.4.1 Description of angular distribution of scatter 5.5 Summary 5.6 Nomenclature 5.7 Additional reading 5.8 Problems 6 Light-tissue interaction theory 6.1 Approximations of the equation of radiative transport 6.1.1 Spherical-harmonics substitution method to solve the equation of radiative transport 6.1.2 Diffusion approximation of the equation of radiative transfer. 6.1.3 Discrete-ordinate method for solving the equation of radiative transport 6.1.4 Light distribution under infinite wide beam irradiation 6.1.5 Numerical method to solve the equation of radiative transport 6.2 Summary 6.3 Additional reading 6.4 Problems: 7 Numerical and deterministic methods in light-tissue interaction theory 7.1 Numerical method to solve the equation of radiative transport 7.1.1 Monte carlo simulation 7.2 Measurement of optical parameters 7.2.1 Invasive techniques 7.2.2 Noninvasive techniques 7.3 Temperature effects of light-tissue interaction 7.3.1 The bioheat equation 7.4 Summary 7.5 Additional reading 7.6 Problems 8 Light-tissue interaction mechanisms and applications; photophysical 8.1 Range of photophysical mechanisms 8.2 Photoablation 8.2.1 Ablation threshold 8.2.2 Pulsed laser-tissue interaction 8.2.3 Pulsed vaporization 8.2.4 Definition of a pulsed laser 8.2.5 Ultraviolet laser ablation 8.3 Photoacoustics 8.3.1 History of the photoacoustic effect 8.3.2 The photoacoustic effect 8.4 Birefringence effects 8.4.1 Schlieren imaging 8.4.2 Conventional Töepler Schlieren configuration 8.4.3 Ronchi ruling focusing Schlieren configuration 8.5 Polarization effects 8.5.1 Polarization in nature 8.5.2 Polarization in medical imaging 8.6 Optical activity 8.6.1 Glucose concentration determination 8.7 Evanescent wave interaction in biomedical optics 8.7.1 Evanescent optical waves 8.7.2 Precise, controlled light delivery with evanescent optical waves 8.7.3 Tissue ablation with FEL-generated evanescent optical waves 8.8 Phase interference effects 8.8.1 Interferometry in Medical Imaging 8.9 Spectroscopy 8.9.1 Light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) 8.9.2 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 8.9.3 Ultra fast spectroscopy 8.9.4 Time-resolved spectroscopy 8.9.5 Raman scattering spectroscopy 8.9.6 Coherent anti-stokes raman spectroscopy 8.9.7 Time resolved raman spectroscopy 8.9.8 Raman spectroscopy advantages and disadvantages 8.10 Endoscopy 8.10.1 Light delivery with optical fibers 8.10.2 Medical applications using endoscopy 8.11 Summary 8.12 Additional Reading 8.13 Problems 9 Light-tissue interaction mechanisms and applications; photochemical 9.1 Basic photochemical principles 9.1.1 Photosynthesis 9.1.2 ¿Sun tanning¿ 9.1.3 Light reactive biological chromophores 9.2 Photochemical effects 9.2.1 Photodynamic therapy 9.2.2 Wound healing 9.3 Summary 9.4 Additional reading 9.5 Problems 10 Light-tissue interaction mechanisms and applications; photobiological 10.1 Photobiological biostimulation 10.2 Photobiological effects 10.2.1 Photothermal 10.2.2 Medical applications of the photothermal effect 10.2.3 Photobiological nonthermal interaction 10.3 Excitation of chromophores 10.4 Optic nerve-cell depolarization under the influence of light (vision) 10.4.1 Quantum photon dots as biological fluorescent markers 10.4.2 Optical properties of quantum dots 10.5 Summary 10.6 Additional reading 10.7 Problems Section II Therapeutic applications of light 11 Therapeutic applications of light; photophysical 11.1 Delivery considerations 11.2 Pulsed laser use in cardiology 11.2.1 Pulsed laser tissue interaction 11.2.1.1 Ablation rate 11.2.2 Laser plaque molding (angioplasty) 11.2.3 Laser thrombolysis 11.2.4 Laser valvulotomy and valve debridement 11.2.5 Transmyocardial revascularization 11.3 Dentistry and oral surgery 11.3.1 Photo curing 11.3.2 Dental drill 11.3.3 Etching 11.3.4 Tooth hardening 11.3.5 Scaling 11.4 Ophthalmology 11.5 Optical tweezers 11.5.1 Rayleigh regime particle force 11.5.2 Mie regime particle force 11.5.3 Size region between the Rayleigh and Mie regime 11.5.4 Applications of Optical Tweezers 11.6 Summary 11.7 Additional reading 11.8 Problems 12 Therapeutic applications of light; photochemical 12.1 Vascular welding 12.2 Cosmetic surgery 12.2.1 Inflammatory disease lesion treatment 12.2.2 Pigmented lesion treatment 12.3 Oncology 12.3.1 photodynamic therapy 12.4 Summary 12.5 Additional reading 12.6 Problems 13 Therapeutic applications of light; photobiological 13.1 Cardiology and cardiovascular surgery 13.1.1 Arrhythomegenic laser applications 13.1.2 Laser photocoagulation 13.1.3 Arrhythmic node ablation 13.1.4 Atrial ablation 13.2 Soft tissue treatment 13.3 Dermatology 13.3.1 Vascular lesion treatment 13.4 Fetal surgery 13.5 Gastroenterology 13.6 General surgery 13.7 Gynecology 13.8 Neurosurgery 13.9 Ophthalmology 13.10 Pulmonology & otorhinolaryngology 13.11 Otolaryngology, ear-nose and throat (ENT) and maxillofacial surgery 13.12 Podiatry 13.13 Urology 13.13.1 Lasers in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia 13.14 Summary 13.15 Additional reading 13.16 Problems Section III Diagnostic applications of light 14 Diagnostic methods using light; photophysical 14.1 Optical microscopy 14.1.1 Diffraction in the far-field 14.2 Various microscopic techniques 14.2.1 Confocal microscopy 14.2.2 Multiphoton imaging 14.3 Near-field-scanning optical microscope 14.3.1 The concept of the near field scanning optical microscope 14.3.2 General design of NSOM microscope 14.3.3 NSOM tip 14.3.3.1 Feedback mechanisms employed to maintain a constant tip and sample separation 14.3.3.2 Shear-force-mode tip feedback 14.3.3.3 Tapping-mode tip feedback 14.3.3.4 Intensity imaging 14.3.3.5 Phase imaging 14.4 Spectroscopy 14.4.1 Diagnostic applications of spectroscopy 14.4.2 Optical detection of erythema 14.5 Holographic imaging 14.6 Polarization Imaging 14.7 Transillumination imaging 14.7.1 Examination of the male genitalia of infants 14.7.2 Transillumination for detection of pneumothorax in premature infants 14.7.3 Transillumination of infant brain 14.7.4 Diffuse optical tomography 14.8 Optical coherence tomography 14.8.1 Conventional optical coherence tomography systems 14.8.2 Light sources and coherence length 14.8.3 Theory of optical coherence tomography 14.8.4 Operation of the fiber optic Michelson interferometer 14.8.5 Correlation theory 14.8.6 The effect of scattering on the visibility function 14.8.7 Image acquisition process 14.8.8 Applications of optical coherence tomography to physical problems 14.9 Ballistic photon imaging 14.10 Reflectometry 14.11 Evanescent wave imaging applications 14.11.1 Evanescent optical wave device designs 14.12 Medical thermography 14.13 photoacoustic imaging 14.13.1 Acoustic wave 14.13.2 Medical imaging applications 14.14 Tera hertz imaging 14.15 Summary 14.16 Additional reading 14.17 Problems 15 Diagnostic methods using light; photochemical 15.1 Fluorescence imaging 15.1.1 Fluorecence molecular explanation 15.1.2 Fluorescent molecules 15.1.3 Fading 15.2 Ratio fluorescence microscopy 15.2.1 Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy 15.2.2 Mechanism of fluorescent resonant energy transfer (FRET) imaging 15.2.3 FRET Pair 15.2.4 Problems with FRET microscopy Imaging 15.3 Raman spectroscopy with NSOM employed 15.3.1 Fluorescence resonance emission transfer 15.3.2 Applications in biology 15.4 Optical ¿tongue¿ 15.4.1 Mechanism of operation 15.4.2 Taste stimuli transduction 15.4.3 Taste transduction mechanisms 15.4.4 Taste processes 15.4.5 Combinatorial libraries 15.4.6 CCD detection 15.5 Summary 15.6 Additional reading 15.7 Problems 16 Diagnostic methods using light; photobiological 16.1 Immuno staining (¿functional imaging¿) 16.2 Immunofluorescence 16.3 Diagnostic applications of spectroscopy 16.3.1 Detection of dental cavities and caries 16.3.2 Optical detection of erythema 16.4 Fiberoptic sensors 16.4.1 Biosensors 16.4.2 Fiber optic biosensor design 16.4.3 Distributed fiber optic sensors 16.5 Optical Coherence Tomography in dentistry 16.6 Optical biopsy 16.7 Determination of Blood Oxygenation 16.8 Electroluminescent Electro-Physiologic mapping 16.9 Quantum Dots as Biological Fluorescent markers 16.10 Compilation of the optical requirements for wavelength selection based on the desired effects 16.11 Summary 16.12 Additional reading 16.13 Problems Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Optoelectronic devices.
Biomedicine.
Biotechnology.
Optical fibers in medicine.
Biomedical Technology.
Light.
Biophysics -- methods.
Optics.
Photobiology -- methods.