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Contents SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 17 Determinants of Health, 19 Transdisciplinary Research, 21 Commissioned Papers, 23 Context, 24 Goals of the Report, 26 Conclusion, 27 2 THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL AND CULTRAL ENVIRONMENT ON HEALTH 29 Defining the Social and Cultural Environment, 29 The Influence of Social and Cultural Variables on Health: An Overview of Past Research, 30 Aspects of Health Influenced by the Social Environment, 43 Limitations of Current Research, 45 Conclusion, 45 3 GENETICS AND HEALTH 51 Genetic Susceptibility, 51 Genetic Linkage Analysis and Genetic Association Studies, 55 Gene-Environment and Gene-Gene Interactions, 58 Mechanisms of Gene Expression, 60 Aspects of Health Influenced by Genetics, 64 Genetics of Populations as it Relates to Health and Disease, 69 Conclusion, 70 4 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH RISK BEHAVIORS 79 Introduction and Overview, 79 Definitions of Health Risk Behaviors, 80 Tobacco Use, 81 Unhealthy Eating Behaviors and Obesity, 83 Physical Inactivity, 85 Using Intermediate Phenotypes to Investigate Effects of Gene-Environment, 86 Conclusion, 95 5 SEX/GENDER, RACE/ETHNICITY, AND HEALTH 107 Sex/Gender, 108 Race/Ethnicity, 114 Conclusion, 123 6 EMBEDDED RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, PHSYOLOGICAL AND GENETIC FACTORS 129 Thinking from the Bottom Up: Genomic Information Influencing Gene Expression, 130 Thinking from the Bottom Up: Genomic Information Embedded in Biochemical Systems, 135 Thinking from the Top Down: Social Factors Influencing Cells, Tissue, and Physiology, 137 Molecular Mechanisms of Gene-Environment Interaction, 144 The Need for Systems Approaches, 144 7 ANIMAL MODELS 157 Role of Animal Models, 158 Definitions from Animal Research, 162 Identifying Gene-Social Interactions Affecting Health and Disease, 166 Future Issues, 177 8 RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYSIS APPROACHES FOR THE STUDY OF INTERACTIONS 193 Definitions of Interactions, 193 Research Designs for Evaluating Interactions, 201 Statistical Issues Common to All Research Designs, 207 Conclusion, 210 9 INFRASTRUCTURE 217 Education, 217 Mechanisms of Support, 222 Data, 226 Incentives and Rewards-The NIH and Academe, 231 Peer Review, 236 Conclusion, 239 10 ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS 241 Conveying Complex Findings Accurately, 243 Policy Does Not Inexorably Follow from Scientific Discoveries, 244 Ethical Implications for Research, 251 11 CONCLUSION 261 APPENDIXES A METHODOLOGY: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 265 B RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES REPORT, FACILITATING INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 273 C SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND GENETIC FACTORS ON OBESITY AND OBESITY PROMOTING BEHAVIORS: FOSTERING RESEARCH INTEGRATION 279 D THE INTERACTION OF SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND GENETICS FACTORS IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE 333 E MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACHES TO INTERACTION: APPLICATIONS TO THE STUDY OF GENETIC INTERACTIONS 367 F ACRONYMS 399 G BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 403
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Behavior genetics.
Medical genetics.
Nature and nurture.
Human genetics -- Research.
Genetics, Behavioral.
Sociobiology.