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TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents ...2 Abstract 5 Table of Cases, National Acts, Treaties and Other International Measures .. 6 Abbreviations .10 PART I: OVERVIEW 1. INTRODUCTION AND BOOK OVERVIEW ...11 1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 Limitations .18 2. THE RISE OF INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL NETWORKS: DEFINING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 A brief overview of the infrastructure of the internet 23 2.3 The Digital Divide .27 2.3.1 Internet Diffusion/Access ...29 2.3.2 IT Penetration .31 2.3.3 Alternative Development 32 2.3.4 Civil and Political Rights and ESCR ..34 2.3.5 Competition and Telecommunications Policy 35 2.3.6 Innovation 38 2.4 Conclusion ..39 PART II: THE REGULATION OF TECHNOLOGY PROCESSES 3. INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS .41 3.1 Introduction ....41 3.2 The ITU ..44 3.2.1 Cooperation Agreement between the ITU and WTO .45 3.2.2 Accounting rates and New Modes of Operation .46 3.2.3 Interconnection 50 3.2.4 VoIP 52 3.3 The WTO .. 54 3.3.1 Classification of Telecommunication issues ...57 3.3.2 Network-based transactions and complimentary services . .60 3.3.3 Electronic intangibles .61 3.4 Developments in multilateral telecommunications measures 62 3.4.1 Annexe on Telecommunications and the Reference Paper .63 3.4.2 Reference Paper in light of Mexico-Telmex 66 3.4.3 Internet interconnection .. . ..70 3.4.4 ITU Recommendation D.50 and APEC Principles .73 4. OVERVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK FOR ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS MARKETS .. 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 The European Commission's new regulatory framework .76 4.2.1 Objectives ..76 4.2.2 Instruments 77 4.2.3 Significant Market Power ...78 4.3 Conclusion 80 5. A NEW LAYERING THEORY FOR REGULATING COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS AND SERVCES 81 5.1 Introduction ..81 5.2 The Layered Policy Model .81 5.2.1 The United States 82 5.3 A New Regulatory Framework for TCP/IP networks? ..85 5.3.1 Relevant Product and Geographic Markets .88 5.3.2 Market Share ...92 5.4 The Layering Theory and SMP reinterpreted 93 5.4.1 Applying the Layering Theory at the Multilateral Level 96 6. THE CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC GOODS AND SERVICES .98 6.1 Introduction ...98 6.2 Why be concerned with Classification? 99 6.3 Structural differences between the GATS, GATT, and TRIPS ...101 6.3.1 Most Favoured Nation ..103 6.3.2 National Treatment . ..105 6.3.3 Quantitative Restrictions ..106 6.3.4 Customs Duties . 109 6.3.5 Modes of Supply ..111 6.4 Establishing a legal framework ..115 6.4.1 Legal/Economic rules for distinguishing between goods/services ..115 6.4.2 The Principle of Trade Neutrality .119 6.4.3 The Principle of Technological Neutrality 121 6.4.4 The Principle of Progressive Trade Liberalisation 121 6.5 The position of the United States and European Communities 122 6.6 Conclusion 127 PART III: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 7. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 132 7.1 Introduction ..132 7.1.1 Background ..133 7.2 Developing Countries, the Reference Paper, and the Layering Theory .134 7.3 Using the New Modes of Operation in reverse 140 7.4 ITU Recommendation D.50 and packet-switched networks 142 7.5 Classification of Telecommunication Services in the next trade round .144 7.6 World Summit on the Information Society 145 8. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES .154 8.1 Introduction .155 8.2 The position of developing countries .138 8.2.1 Acquisition of skills and know-how 157 8.2.2 Access to document-embodied knowledge .159 8.2.3 Acquisition by importation and business partnerships ...160 8.3 FDI .162 8.3.1 FDI Internalised/Externalised transfers ..163 8.3.2 FDI horizontal/vertical . ..165 8.3.4 Spillover .168 8.4 Unbundling the IPR package 169 8.5 Technology transfer at the multilateral level 175 8.6 International investment agreements and technology transfer 178 8.7 Conclusion 180 9. BILATERALISM AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 187 9.1 Introduction .187 9.2 Performance requirements .187 9.3 Implications for development 196 9.4 Regional and bilateral arrangements .197 9.5 Racheting-up IP protection through bilateral/FTAs 199 10. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ...201 10.1 Outline Evolution of Development Theory 204 10.1.1 Modernization, Law and Development ...204 10.1.2 Constructing Development in practice 205 10.1.3 Outline background to the UN Right To Development ..207 10.1.4 Opposition to the Right To Development ...209 10.2 ICTs and Development ..211 10.3 Economic Development 217 10.3.1 The US Millennium Challenge Account 218 10.3.2 The UK Commission for Africa and the European Consensus ..219 10.4 Enforcing the RTD through International Economic Law 222 10.4.1 The Economic Right To Development Theory ..224 10.4.1A The Right To Development and Collective Rights ..225 10.4.1B The Right To Development and economic law ....228 10.4.1C Obligations at the domestic (target state) level .231 10.4.1D The legal obligation ..232 10.4.1E The Right To Development Tax Relief 234 10.4.1F Linking the Right To Development with economic growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 235 10.4.1G Equation 5, the link between FDI, GDP and the Right To Development 239 10.5 The RTD Development Compact ..241 10.6 The WTO and the Right To Development Tax Relief .242 PART IV 11.CONCLUSION 252 11.1 Introduction 252 11.2 Response to the Questions ..252 11.2.1 Second Question ..253 11.2.3 Third Question .264 11.3 Concluding Thoughts .271 Annexe 1 (Reference Paper for Bits & Bytes) ..278 Bibliography .281
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Internet -- Law and legislation.
Data transmission systems -- Law and legislation.
Technology transfer -- Law and legislation.