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Contents 1. An introduction to blood groups What is a blood group? Blood group antibodies Clinical importance of blood groups Biological importance of blood groups Blood group systems Blood group terminology and classification 2. Techniques used in blood grouping Factors affecting antigen-antibody reactions Temperature Time and ionic strength pH Antigen density Stages of haemagglutination reactions Direct agglutination Indirect agglutination Enzyme techniques Antiglobulin tests Elution techniques Automation of test procedures Flow cytometry Molecular blood group genotyping 3. The ABO blood groups Introduction ABO antigens, antibodies, and inheritance A1 and A2 Antigen, phenotype, and gene frequencies ABO antibodies The importance of the ABO system to transfusion and transplantation medicine The biochemical nature of the ABO antigens Biosynthesis of the ABO antigens and ABO molecular genetics H, the precursor of A and B ABH secretion H-deficient red cells Further complexities Acquired changes Associations with disease and functional aspects 4. The Rh blood group system Introduction ¿ Rh, not rhesus Haplotypes, genotypes, and phenotypes Biochemistry and molecular genetics D antigen (RH1) Molecular basis of the D polymorphism D variants Clinical significance of anti-D D testing Prediction of RhD phenotype from fetal DNA C, c, E, and e antigens (RH2, RH4, RH3, RH5) Clinical significance of CcEe antibodies Molecular basis of the C/c and E/e polymorphisms Other Rh antigens Compound antigens: ce, Ce, CE, cE (RH6, RH7, RH22, RH27) and G (RH12) Cw, Cx, MAR (RH8, RH9, RH51) VS, V (RH20, RH10) Rh-deficient phenotypes ¿ Rhnull and Rhmod Putative function of the Rh proteins and RhAG 5. Other blood groups The Kell System The Kell glycoprotein and the KEL gene Kell-system antigens Kell-system antibodies Ko phenotype McLeod syndrome, McLeod phenotype, and Kx (XK1) antigen The Duffy System Fya (FY1) and Fyb (FY2) Anti-Fya and -Fyb Fy3 and Fy5 The Duffy-glycoprotein, a receptor for chemokines Duffy and malaria The Kidd system Jka (JK1) and Jkb (JK2); anti-Jka and -Jkb Jk(a¿b¿) and Jk3 The Kidd-glycoprotein is a urea transporter The MNS system M (MNS1) and N (MNS2); anti-M and -N S (MNS3) and s (MNS4); anti-S and -s S¿ s¿ U¿ phenotype and anti-U Other MNS antigens and antibodies The Diego System Band 3, the red cell anion exchanger Dia (DI1) and Dib (DI2); anti-Dia and -Dib Wra (DI3) and Wrb (DI4); anti-Wra and -Wrb Other Diego-system antigens The Lewis system Some other blood group systems P Lutheran Yt Xg Scianna Dombrock Colton Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) Chido/Rodgers Gerbich Cromer Knops Indian I Antigens that do not belong to a blood group system 6. Clinical significance of blood group antibodies Antibody production and structure Factors affecting the clinical significance of antibodies Antibody specificity Haemolytic transfusion reactions Intravascular red cell destruction Extravascular red cell destruction Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) Cross-matching for infants under 4 months old Autoantibodies Tests to assess the potential significance of an antibody Decision making for transfusion 7. Quality assurance in immunohaematology Achieving total quality Frequency and specificity of control material Quality requirements for safe transfusion practice Checklist of critical control points Quality control for molecular blood group testing 8. Trouble-shooting and problem solving in the reference laboratory ABO grouping Rh grouping Problems in antibody screening, identification and cross-matching 9. Frequently asked questions Recommended reading
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Blood groups -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Blood Group Antigens -- Handbooks.