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Contents Acknowledgements iii Contents iv Introduction 1 1. The Origins of Plotinus¿ Philosophy 4 1.1 Plotinus¿ Predecessors 4 1.2 Plotinus¿ Philosophical Method 5 1.2.1 Lectures and Writings 7 1.2.2 Language, Simile and Metaphor 9 1.2.3 Quoting Predecessors 11 1.3 Plotinus¿ Philosophical Sources 14 1.3.1 Plato 16 1.3.2 Aristotle 20 1.3.3 Stoics and Epicureans 21 1.3.4 Middle-Platonists, Aristotelians and Neopythagoreans 22 1.3.5 Gnostics, Christians, the Orient and other contemporary movements 25 1.4 Plotinus and the Presocratics 28 2. One and Unity 33 2.1 The One in Plotinus 33 2.2 The Presocratic One in the Enneads 38 2.3 Parmenides¿ Monism 43 2.4 The Ineffable One 48 2.4.1 The Apophatism of the First Principle 52 2.4.2 The Pythagorean Apophatism of the Monad 52 2.5 The One as First Principle 63 2.5.1 Heraclitus¿ One 64 2.5.2 Empedocles¿ Philia 71 2.5.3 Anaxagoras¿ Mind 79 3. Intellect and Being 86 3.1 Plotinus¿ Theory of Intellect 86 3.2 Eleatic Being in the Enneads 94 3.3 The Nature of Being 96 3.3.1 Parmenides¿ Theory of Being 96 3.3.2 Plotinus on Parmenides¿ Being 102 3.3.3 Thinking and Being 105 3.4 The Predicates of Being 119 3.4.1 Ungenerated and Indestructible 120 3.4.2 Indivisible and Self-identical 122 3.4.3 Imperturbable and Changeless 123 4. Eternity and Time 131 4.1 Plotinus¿ Theory of Eternity and Time 131 4.2 Eternity and Time in the Presocratics 139 4.3 The Presocratic Theories of Eternity and Time in the Enneads 146 4.4 The Timelessness of Being 147 4.4.1 Philolaus¿ Eternal Continuance and Plato¿s Eternity of the Forms 150 4.4.2 Parmenides¿ Timelessness of Being 155 4.4.3 Plotinus¿ Timelessness of Eternity 165 4.5 The Eternal Life of Intellect 167 4.5.1 Eternity in Heraclitus 169 4.5.2 Eternal Life in Empedocles 173 4.6 The Everlastingness of Time 177 4.6.1 The Myth of Time 180 4.6.2 The Everlastingness of the Cosmos 182 4.6.3 The Movement of the Spheres, Eternal Recurrence and Spiral Time 191 5. Matter and Soul 198 5.1 Matter and Ensouled Body in Plotinus 198 5.2 Plotinus¿ Criticism of Presocratic Matter 202 5.2.1 Anaximander¿s apeiron 204 5.2.2 Empedocles¿ Theory of the Four Elements 209 5.2.3 Anaxagoras¿ Theory of Matter 213 5.2.4 The Atomic Theory of Matter 221 5.3 Plotinus¿ Theory of the Ensouled Body 229 5.3.1 The Presocratic Theories of the Ensouled Body in the Enneads 232 5.3.2 Heraclitus¿ Theory of Soul and Physical Alteration 233 5.3.3 The daim?n in Empedocles 245 6. Conclusion 254 Notes 259 Bibliography 323 Text of Presocratic Fragments in Plotinus¿ Enneads 342
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Plotinus.
Philosophy, Ancient.
Pre-Socratic philosophers.
Plotinus. Enneads.
Soul.
Intellect.
One (The One in philosophy).