Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.
Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding.
Contents Dedication v Preface vii Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1: An Introduction to Conventions in Densitometry 1 Densitometry as a Quantitative Measurement Technique xxx Accuracy and Precision xxx The Skeleton in Densitometry xxx Weight Bearing or Non-Weight Bearing xxx Axial or Appendicular xxx Central or Peripheral xxx Cortical or Trabecular xxx What Do the Machines Actually Measure? xxx The Effect of Bone Size on Areal Densities xxx Bone Mineral Apparent Density xxx Calculating "Average" Spine Bone Densities xxx Ultrasound Parameters xxx The Densitometry Printout xxx The Percentage Comparisons xxx The Standard Score Comparisons xxx The Age-Regression Graph xxx The Standardized BMD xxx The Utility of the sBMD xxx The NHANES III Database for the Proximal Femur xxx Nomenclature Guidelines from the International Society for Clinical Densitometry xxx References xxx Chapter 2: Densitometry Techniques xxx Plain Radiography in the Assessment of Bone Density xxx Qualitative Morphometry: xxx Qualitative Spinal Morphometry xxx The Singh Index xxx Quantitative Morphometric Techniques xxx Calcar Femorale Thickness xxx Radiogrammetry xxx The Radiologic Osteoporosis Score xxx Radiographic Photodensitometry xxx Radiographic Absorptiometry xxx Photon Absorptiometry Techniques xxx Single Photon Absorptiometry (SPA) xxx Dual Photon Absorptiometry (DPA) xxx Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) xxx Peripheral DXA (pDXA) xxx Single Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (SXA) xxx Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) xxx Peripheral QCT (pQCT) xxx Quantitative Ultrasound Bone Densitometry (QUS) xxx References xxx Chapter 3: Skeletal Anatomy in Densitometry xxx The Spine in Densitometry xxx Vertebral Anatomy xxx Artifacts in PA or AP Spine Densitometry xxx Vertebral Fractures xxx The Effect of Osteophytes on BMD xxx The Effect of Aortic Calcification on BMD xxx The Effect of Facet Sclerosis on BMD xxx The Effect of Rotation on BMD xxx Other Causes of Artifacts in PA and AP Lumbar Spine Studies xxx The Spine in the Lateral Projection xxx The Proximal Femur in Densitometry xxx Proximal Femur Anatomy xxx The Effect of Rotation on BMD in the Proximal Femur xxx The Effect of Leg Dominance on BMD in the Proximal Femur xxx The Effect of Scoliosis, Osteoarthritis, Osteophytes, Surgery and Fracture on BMD in the Proximal Femur xxx The Forearm in Densitometry xxx Nomenclature xxx The Effect of Arm Dominance on Forearm BMD xxx The Effect of Artifacts on BMD in the Forearm xxx The Metacarpals, Phalanges and Calcaneus xxx References xxx Chapter 4: FDA-Approved Densitometry Devices xxx Computer Enhanced Radiogrammetry xxx Pronosco X-posure System¬ 2.0 xxx Computer Enhanced Radiographic Absorptiometry xxx Automated Osteogram¿ xxx MetriScan¬ Central X-ray Densitometers xxx Delphi¬ xxx Discovery¬ xxx DPX Bravo¿ xxx DPX Duo¿ xxx DPX-IQ¬ xxx DPX MD¬ xxx DPX MD+¬ xxx DPX-NT¬ xxx Excell¬ xxx Excell¬plus xxx EXPERT¿-XL xxx Explorer¬ xxx Prodigy¬ xxx QDR¿ 4500 A xxx QDR¿ 4500 C xxx QDR¿ 4500 SL xxx QDR¿ 4500 W xxx XR-46¬ xxx Peripheral X-ray Densitometers xxx accuDEXA¬ xxx Apollo¬ xxx DexaCare¬ G4 xxx DexaCare¬ DTX-200 xxx pDEXA¿ xxx PIXI¿ (Peripheral Instantaneous X-ray Imager) xxx XCT 2000¿ xxx Ultrasound Bone Densitometers xxx Achilles+¬ xxx Achilles Express¬ xxx Achilles Insight¬ xxx DTU-one UltraSure¿ xxx McCue C.U.B.A. Clinical¬ (Contact Ultrasound Bone Analyzer) xxx Omnisense¬ 7000S Ultrasound Bone Sonometer xxx QUS¬-2 xxx Sahara Clinical Bone Sonometer¬ xxx Chapter 5: Computer Basics xxx Types of Computers xxx Desktops, Towers, Minitowers, and Laptops xxx PCs and MACs xxx The Major Components of a Computer System xxx Important Components Inside the Computer Housing xxx The Motherboard, RAM, and Slots xxx The Central Processing Unit (CPU) xxx The Hard Drive xxx Internal Disk Drives xxx Input Devices: The Keyboard, Mouse, and Trackball xxx The Keyboard xxx The Mouse xxx The Trackball xxx Output Devices: Monitors and Printers xxx Monitors xxx Printers xxx Computer Ports xxx Keyboard and Mouse Ports xxx Parallel Ports xxx Serial Ports xxx Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports xxx Power, Monitor, Modem, and Network Ports xxx Types of Storage Media xxx Magnetic Media xxx Optical Storage Media xxx Flash Memory xxx Protecting the Data xxx Computer Maintenance xxx Chapter 6: Precision in Bone Densitometry xxx The Concept of Precison xxx Performing a Precision Study xxx Short-Term Precision Studies xxx Mathematical Procedures Used to Calculate Precision xxx Long-Term Precision Studies xxx Applying the Precision Value to Serial Measurements xxx The Determination of Least Significant Change xxx Using Least Significant Change to Determine the Timing of Repeat Measurements xxx A Case in Point xxx More Sophisticated Issues of Statistical Confidence for the Measured Change xxx Determining the Level of Confidence for Any Change and Precision xxx The Confidence Interval for the Change in BMD Between Two Measurements xxx The Importance of Precision xxx Which Skeletal Sites Should Be Used for Monitoring xxx How Frequently Should Measurements Be Repeated? xxx A Final Consideration xxx References xxx Chapter 7: Radiation Safety in X-ray Densitometry xxx Radiation Basics xxx Radiation Quantities xxx The Curie xxx The Roentgen xxx The Rad xxx The Rem xxx The Effective Dose Equivalent xxx Harmful Effects of Ionizing Radiation xxx Acute Lethal Radiation Syndromes xxx Local Tissue Damage from Radiation xxx The Skin xxx The Ovaries and Testes xxx The Bone Marrow and Blood xxx Late Effect of Ionizing Radiation xxx Radiation Doses in Densitometry xxx Radiation Protection Programs xxx Protection of the Public xxx Protection of the Patient xxx Protection of the Technologist xxx Time, Distance, and Shielding xxx Personnel Monitoring Devices xxx The Pregnant Technologist xxx References xxx Chapter 8: Quality Control Procedures xxx Phantoms xxx The European Spine Phantom xxx The Bona Fide Spine Phantom xxx The Hologic Spine and Hip Phantoms xxx The Lunar Spine Phantom xxx Using the Phantom to Create Control Tables and Charts xxx Shewhart Rules and CUSUM Charts xxx Shewhart Rules xxx CUSUM Charts xxx Automated Quality Control Procedures xxx Replacing a Densitometer xxx References xxx Chapter 9: An Overview of Osteoporosis xxx The Definition of Osteoporosis xxx The 1991 and 1993 Consensus Development Conferences xxx The 1994 World Health Organization Criteria for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis xxx The 2000 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference Definition of Osteoporosis xxx The Prevalence of Osteoporosis xxx Consequences of Osteoporosis xxx Risk Factors for Osteoporosis xxx The Attainment of Peak Bone Density xxx The Maintenance of Bone Density xxx Guidelines for Bone Mass Measurements xxx The National Osteoporosis Foundation Guidelines for Bone Mass Measurements xxx Guidelines from Specialty Societies xxx The 1997 Bone Mass Measurement Act xxx Treatment Guidelines for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis xxx The NOF Guidelines xxx Treatment Guidelines from AACE and NAMS xxx Interventions in Osteoporosis xxx Non-Prescription Interventions xxx Life-Style Modifications xxx Calcium, Vitamin D and Exercise xxx Prescription Interventions xxx Estrogen Replacement xxx The Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Raloxifene xxx Synthetic Salmon Calcitonin xxx The Bisphosphonates xxx Alendronate xxx Risedronate xxx Ibandronate xxx Dosing, Contraindications, and Safety xxx Teriparatide xxx Patient Education Materials xxx References xxx Chapter 10: Interpretation of Bone Densitometry Data xxx The Results xxx The Skeletal Image xxx The Measured and Calculated Bone Density Parameters xxx Comparisons to the Reference Database xxx The sBMD xxx The Age-Regression Graph xxx Assignment of Diagnostic Category Based on WHO Criteria xxx Conflicting Diagnoses from the Measurement of Multiple Sites xxx Report Review xxx References xxx Chapter 11: Considerations in Pediatric Densitometry xxx Scan Acquisition and Analysis Considerations xxx Bone Age xxx Sexual Maturation Stage xxx Considerations of Bone Size and Shape xxx Skeletal Development and the Use of Standard Scores in Pediatric Densitometry xxx Skeletal Development xxx The Use of Standard Scores xxx Pediatric Reference Databases xxx International Society for Clinical Densitometry Guidelines for Children xxx The Specialty of Pediatric Densitometry xxx References xxx Chapter 12: Moving Beyond Bone Density with Bone Densitometers: Skeletal Morphometry and Body Composition Assessments xxx Skeletal Morphometry for Structural Diagnoses and Prediction of Fracture Risk xxx Vertebral Morphometry and Fractures xxx The Relationship Between Prevalent Spine Fractures and Future Fracture Risk xxx Diagnosing Vertebral Fractures xxx Vertebral Fracture Assessment with Genant's Semiquantitative Technique xxx Vertebral Fracture Assessment with Quantitative Techniques xxx Performance Comparisons of Semiquantitative and Quantitative Techniques xxx Fan-Array Spine Imaging with DXA xxx Proximal Femur Morphometry xxx Hip Axis Length xxx The Femoral Neck-Shaft Angle xxx Femoral Neck Width xxx The Upper Femoral Neck xxx Hip Strength Analysis xxx Body Composition Analysis xxx The Body-Mass-Index xxx Body Composition Methods xxx 2-Compartment Body Composition Measurement Techniques xxx Underwater Weighing xxx Skinfold Measurements xxx Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis xxx Air Displacement Plethysmography xxx 3-Compartment Body Composition Measurement Techniques xxx Near Infrared Interactance xxx Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry xxx References xxx Appendix I: Contacts for Bone Densitometry Manufacturers and Organizations of Interest xxx Appendix II: World Health Organization Criteria for the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis Based on the Measurement of Bone Density xxx Appendix III: Guidelines for Bone Density Testing xxx Appendix IV: Bone Mass Measurement Act of 1997 xxx Appendix V: CPT Codes for Bone Densitometry xxx Appendix VI: DXA PA Lumbar Spine Labeling Guidelines xxx Appendix VII: Conversion Formulas xxx Appendix VIII: Procedures for Short-Term Precision Studies xxx Appendix IX: Calculation of Least Significant Change xxx Appendix X: Quality Control Shewhart Rules xxx Appendix XI: Glossary of Computer Terms xxx Appendix XII: Contents of the CD-ROM xxx Index xxx
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Bone densitometry.