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Contents PART I: INTRODUCTION AND SHORT HISTORIES OF SCHOLASTICISM AND PERSONALISM CHAPTER 1: PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY ...................17 What is philosophy ..................................................................17 Spectator-philosophy and agent-philosophy .............................18 Arts-faculty philosophy and science-faculty philosophy ............20 Low and high philosophy .........................................................21 Some history ............................................................................22 Ages in Western culture from around 1100 AD ....................22 Philosophy (and some theology) in the ages ..........................24 Takeovers .................................................................................25 CHAPTER 2: A SHORT HISTORY OF SCHOLASTICISM ...27 In the Middle Ages .................................................................27 In the "Modern Age" ...............................................................29 Second Scholasticism ............................................................29 Protestant Scholasticism ........................................................31 The Catholic Church in the 17th & 18th centuries .................31 Revival in the Catholic Church ................................................32 Philosophies used in the Church: Traditionalism, Ontologism .32 Neo-Scholasticism to 1878: the beginning ...............................33 Liberal Catholics in the nineteenth century ..............................35 Leo XIII becomes pope in 1878 ...............................................36 The Modernists ........................................................................37 The triumph of Neo-Scholasticism ..........................................38 How the dream of unity faded before Vatican II .......................40 Transcendental Thomism .........................................................42 The end of Neo-Scholasticism ..................................................43 Prior to Vatican II .................................................................43 Vatican II ..............................................................................44 The present situation ............................................................44 Conclusion ..............................................................................45 CHAPTER 3: A HISTORY OF PERSONALISM ......................47 "The person" in the world at large: non-personalist use of the ..... word .....................................................................................47 The person in 18th and 19th century continental philosophy .....49 Schleiermacher .....................................................................49 Kant .....................................................................................49 Kierkegaard ...........................................................................50 Developments in Germany, leading to Personalism ...............51 France ...................................................................................51 Personalism in England and Scotland before World War I ........51 Personalism in the United States ..............................................53 Before Borden Parker Bowne ................................................53 Borden Parken Bowne and Boston Personalism ....................54 Personalist ideas .......................................................................55 Personalism in general ...........................................................56 Boston Personalism ...............................................................56 Twentieth-century Personalism in Germany and France ...........57 In Germany, Max Scheler .....................................................57 From Germany to France ......................................................59 In France, Mounier to World War II .....................................60 Mounier's Personalism in Poland and the United States ...........63 Differences between Boston and Mounier Personalisms ...........64 Mounier's Personalism in the Catholic Church before WW2 ...64 Mounier's and Polish Personalism during WW2 .......................65 Personalism in the Catholic Church during WW2 ...................66 Personalism immediately after WW2 .......................................67 Personalism and Existentialism .................................................68 Personalism in the English-speaking world after WW2 ............69 In philosophy departments of universities .............................69 Psychologists .........................................................................72 The wider English-speaking world ........................................72 Personalism in the Catholic Church after WW2 ......................73 Immediately after WW2 .......................................................73 Lublin Personalism and Karol Wojtyla ..................................73 Vatican II ..............................................................................75 After Vatican II to 1978 ........................................................76 From 1978 ............................................................................76 Some important religious thinkers and Personalism .................77 Martin Buber ........................................................................77 Jacques Maritain ...................................................................78 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin ....................................................80 Gabriel Marcel ......................................................................82 Bernard Lonergan .................................................................83 Karl Rahner ..........................................................................83 PART II: SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY AND PERSONALISM CHAPTER 4: THE TWO PHILOSOPHIES IN GENERAL ....87 SCHOLASTICISM ..........................................................................87 Being .......................................................................................87 The four causes ........................................................................87 Act and potency in Scholasticism .............................................88 The love of unity ......................................................................88 The unity of being ................................................................89 Unity in causation ................................................................90 The other transcendentals ........................................................91 Material beings ........................................................................92 Substantial form and matter .................................................92 The principle of individuation ..............................................92 The human being ....................................................................92 The deÞnition .......................................................................92 Human nature ......................................................................93 The intellect and the will ......................................................93 Neo-Scholastics and "the person" ..........................................93 PERSONALISM .............................................................................95 What the person means in Personalism ....................................95 LIKENESSES ................................................................................97 DIFFERENCES .............................................................................97 Some differences ......................................................................97 Spectator and agent philosophies .............................................98 The question of historical sense ................................................98 CHAPTER 5: OBJECTIVE REALITY & SUBJECTIVITY ....101 Introduction ..........................................................................101 What these terms mean ......................................................101 The room analogy: outside and inside .................................102 The connections between object and subject ..........................103 The study of subjectivity ........................................................103 Opposing preferences .............................................................103 Cases where the distinction is made .......................................105 Neo-Scholasticism ..................................................................105 Personalism ............................................................................106 That person is higher than being ............................................108 CHAPTER 6: FREE WILL ......................................................109 What free will is .....................................................................109 Free will in Second Scholasticism ...........................................110 Neo-Scholasticism .....................................................................111 Critism of Neo-Scholasticism .................................................112 Personalism ...............................................................................112 CHAPTER 7: VALUE ..............................................................113 Introduction ..........................................................................113 Scholastic value-theory ...........................................................114 The value of being and the primary value ...............................114 That value is in the whole ...................................................114 Intellectualism ....................................................................115 Inequality or grades of being ...............................................116 Disvalue .................................................................................117 Criticism of Scholastic value-theory ..........................................117 Personalist value-theory .............................................................118 The one and the many in the two philosophies .........................119 CHAPTER 8: LOVE .............................................................121 Scholastic philosophy ................................................................121 The main theory .................................................................121 Secondary ideas ..................................................................123 Dominance ............................................................................123 Personalists and love ...............................................................124 A view which combines both theories ....................................124 CHAPTER 9: ETHICS ............................................................127 Scholasticism .........................................................................127 In general ............................................................................127 Sexual morality ...................................................................127 Ownership ..........................................................................128 Socio-political issues ...............................................................128 Personalism ............................................................................129 A Personalist criticism of Neo-Scholastic ethics ...................129 Moral evil ..............................................................................131 PART III: THEOLOGY CHAPTER 10: SCHOLASTICISM & PERSONALISM ........135 The person in theology ..............................................................135 Theology in general ...............................................................137 First phase: believing what is in the Bible ...............................137 That there should be a second phase ...................................139 Using a philosophy ................................................................140 The use of philosophy in the past .......................................140 Using a philosophy now ............................................................141 Systematic theology and religious spirituality .........................143 Conclusion ................................................................................145 CHAPTER 11: THE TRINITY ...............................................147 The doctrine ..........................................................................147 The psychological theory .......................................................149 Scholasticism: Anselm ............................................................150 Criticism of this theory .......................................................151 Richard of St Victor ............................................................151 More recent speculation ......................................................151 Appropriation ........................................................................153 CHAPTER 12: GOD TO US ...................................................155 THE SCHOLASTIC THEORY ...........................................................155 Some metaphysical ideas ........................................................155 God as prime mover ...........................................................155 That God has total control of events ...................................155 That God wills the whole ...................................................156 The one divine decision ......................................................158 The problem of non-moral "evil" ...........................................159 The divine non-passivity ........................................................159 That God is pure act ...........................................................159 The divine knowledge of creatures ......................................159 The divine purpose .............................................................160 The divine impassibility ......................................................161 God's love of creatures ........................................................163 The indwelling .......................................................................164 CRITICISM OF THIS PERFECT-BEING THEOLOGY ..........................164 The idea of control ................................................................165 Divine knowledge ..................................................................166 The divine non-sympathy ......................................................167 The indwelling .......................................................................168 CHAPTER 13: HUMAN PERSONS TO GOD ......................169 Faith ......................................................................................169 Two conceptions of faith .....................................................169 The freedom and certainty of faith .....................................172 The approach to faith .........................................................173 Hope and charity: our love of God .........................................173 Grace and the sacraments .......................................................175 Prayer .....................................................................................176 Heaven ..................................................................................177 CHAPTER 14: SIN ..................................................................179 What sin is ................................................................................179 The Neo-Scholastic ideas of divine control and optimism ......180 Foreknowledge of immoral acts ..............................................183 Impassibility in this context ...................................................183 The stories of two men .......................................................185 Conclusion ............................................................................186 CHAPTER 15: HUMAN BEINGS TO EACH OTHER ........189 Love of the neighbour ............................................................189 The scholastic theory ..........................................................189 Another theory ...................................................................190 That charity is not a separate love .......................................190 The Church ...........................................................................190 Ecumenism ............................................................................192 CHAPTER 16: CONCLUSION ..............................................195 Being and person ...................................................................195 Reduction ..............................................................................195 Some statements ....................................................................197 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................199 INDEX ...................................................................................208
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Scholasticism -- History.
Personalism -- History.
Philosophical theology -- History.
Theology, Doctrinal -- History.