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CONTENTS 1 THE PROJECT DELIVERY SYSTEM 1 Project Participants 1 Construction Administration 2 Control of Quality in Construction 7 Organizational Structure of a Construction Project 8 Professional Construction Management 14 Design-Build Contracts 18 Definitions of Individual Construction Responsibilities 21 Defining Scope of Work in a CM Contract 25 Responsibility for Coordination of the Trades 27 The Partnering Concept 28 Contracting for Public Works Projects 31 Problems 33 2 RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY 35 The Resident Project Representative and Inspectors as Members of the Construction Team 35 Lines of Authority on Construction Projects 35 Why Have an Inspector? 37 Authority and Responsibility of the Resident Project Representative 39 Problems 49 3 RESIDENT PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES 50 Setting Up a Field Office 50 Familiarization with Construction Documents 52 Equipping the Field Office 53 Establishment of Communications 56 Handling Job-Related Information 60 Staffing Responsibilities 61 Derivation of the Field Cost Indexes 64 Selection of Trailer-Type Field Offices 66 Construction Safety 68 Development of an Inspection Plan 68 Other Job Responsibilities 70 RFIs (Requests for Information) 72 Problems 73 4 DOCUMENTATION: RECORDS AND REPORTS 75 Files and Records 77 Construction Progress Record 86 Electronic Record Keeping 86 Construction Reports 87 Construction Diary 90 Who Should Maintain Diaries and Daily Reports? 92 Documentation of Intermittent Inspection 93 Special Feedback Reports 93 Documentation of Dangerous Safety Hazard Warnings 100 Miscellaneous Records 101 Labor Standards Review Records 103 Job Conferences 104 Contractor Submittals 104 Construction Photographs 105 Photographic Equipment and Materials 112 Digital Cameras for Construction 119 Problems 120 5 ELECTRONIC PROJECT ADMINISTRATION 121 Using Computers for Project Administration 122 Web-Enabled Project Management Applications 137 Problems 142 6 SPECIFICATIONS AND DRAWINGS 144 What Is a Specification? 144 Conflicts Due to Drawings and Specifications 145 Unenforceable Phrases 147 Content and Component Parts of a Specification 149 What Do the Specifications Mean to the Inspector? 153 CSI Specifications Format--Its Meaning and Importance 154 ASCE Civil Engineering Specifications Format 158 State Highway Department Formats 159 Other Nonstandard Construction Specifications Formats in Use 165 Project Specifications (Project Manual) Versus Special Provisions Concept 166 Inspector Training and Knowledge of Specifications 169 Allowances and Tolerances in Specifications 171 Problems 171 7 USING THE SPECIFICATIONS IN CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION 173 General Conditions of the Construction Contract 173 International Construction Contracts 175 Differing Site Conditions 179 Materials and Equipment 183 The Contractor and Subcontractors 183 Shop Drawings and Samples 184 Disapproving or Stopping the Work 186 Supplementary General Conditions 188 Technical Provisions of the Specifications 189 Addenda to the Specifications 192 Standard Specifications 193 Master Specifications (Guide Specifications) 194 Special Material and Product Standards 195 Building Codes, Regulations, Ordinances, and Permits 201 Types of Drawings Comprising the Construction Contract 203 Order of Precedence of the Contract Documents 204 Problems 205 8 CONSTRUCTION LAWS AND LABOR RELATIONS 207 Compliance with Laws and Regulations 207 Public Versus Private Contracts 208 Traffic Requirements During Construction 210 Code Enforcement Agency Requirements 211 Work Within or Adjacent to Navigable Waterways 211 Fair Subcontracting Laws 213 The Hazardous Waste Problem 214 Federal Labor Laws 215 Labor Relations 220 Prejob Labor Agreements 222 Problems 223 9 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY 224 OSHA and Construction Safety 225 General Responsibility for Construction Safety 227 Owner Participation in the Safety Program 227 Typical Federal, State, and Utility Company Approach 228 Safety Responsibility under Construction Management and Turnkey Contracts 228 Effect of Including Contractor's Safety Obligations in the Specifications 230 Applicability of State and Federal OSHA Provisions to a Project 233 Special Applications 234 Procedural Guidelines 234 Shoring and Bracing 237 The Competent Person 238 Safety Requirements in Construction Contracts 238 Problems 239 10 MEETINGS AND NEGOTIATIONS 240 Types of Meetings in Construction 240 Meeting Resources 242 Handling Yourself at a Meeting 242 Preconstruction Conference 244 In-House Decision-Making Meetings 250 Principles of Negotiation 254 Techniques of Negotiation 257 Problems 261 11 RISK ALLOCATION AND LIABILITY SHARING 263 Risk Management 265 Identification and Nature of Construction Risks 266 Contractual Allocation of Risk 267 Who Should Accept What Risks? 268 Types of Risks and Allocation of Those Risks 270 Minimizing Risks and Mitigating Losses 276 Problems 279 12 PRECONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS 280 Description of Approach 280 Constructability Analysis 281 Advertise and Award Phase 282 Issuance of Bidding Documents 284 Prequalification of Bidders 287 Bonds 287 Liability Forms of Insurance 289 Property Forms of Insurance 291 Opening, Acceptance, and Documentation of Bids 296 Development of a Quality Control or Assurance Program 301 Inspection and Testing Manual 302 Field Office Organization of the Owner or the Field Representative 305 The Preconstruction Conference 311 Study Plans and Specifications 312 Key Dates 312 Listing of Emergency Information 317 Agency Permits 317 Starting a Project 317 Problems 324 13 PLANNING FOR CONSTRUCTION 327 Construction Schedules as Related to Building Costs 330 Scheduling Methods 330 Bar Charts 333 S-Curve Scheduling or Velocity Diagrams 335 Line-of-Balance Charts 337 Network Diagrams 338 Specifying CPM for a Project 341 Personal Computers for CPM Network Scheduling 345 Computerized Progress Payments 347 Selection of PC Scheduling Software 348 Problems 351 14 FUNDAMENTALS OF CPM CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING 352 CPM: What It Is and What It Does 353 Basic Procedure in Setting Up a CPM Schedule 354 Project Planning 354 Fundamentals of CPM 355 Who Owns Float? 362 Precedence Diagraming vs i-j Diagraming 366 Comparison of Precedence and Arrow Diagraming 368 Precedence Formats 368 Reading a Manual CPM Network Schedule 373 Reading a Computerized CPM Network Schedule 377 Problems 386 15 CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS 390 Authority and Responsibility of All Parties 391 Temporary Facilities Provided by the Contractor 395 Time of Inspection and Tests 396 Contractor Submittals 396 Opening a Project 397 Job Philosophy 398 Administrative Activities 400 Suspension or Termination of the Work 401 Construction Services Cost Monitoring 403 Problems 404 16 VALUE ENGINEERING 406 Definition 411 The Role of the Resident Project Representative 411 Fundamentals of Value Engineering 412 Areas of Opportunity for Value Engineering 413 Methodology in Generating Value Engineering Proposals 417 Field Responsibility in Value Engineering 422 Problems 422 17 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 423 Contracts for Construction 423 Types of Construction Contracts 423 Construction Progress Payments 426 Approval of Payment Requests 426 Basis for Payment Amounts 428 Evaluation of Contractor's Payment Requests 434 Force Account 436 Payment for Extra Work and Change Orders 440 Payment for Mobilization Costs 446 Partial Payments to the Contractor 452 Retainage 455 Liquidated Damages During Construction 459 Standard Contract Provisions for Measurement and Payment 459 Interpreting the Contractor's Bid 460 Measurement for Payment 466 Measurement Guidelines for Determination of Unit-Price Pay Quantities 470 Final Payment to the Contractor 472 Problems 475 18 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP 477 Materials and Methods of Construction 478 Requests for Substitutions of Materials 479 Access to the Work by Quality Assurance Personnel 483 Inspection of Materials Delivered to the Site 484 Rejection of Faulty Material 485 Construction Equipment and Methods 486 Quality Level and Quality Assurance 491 Quality Assurance Provisions 491 Ownership of Materials 499 Delivery and Storage of Materials 499 Handling of Materials 500 Problems 500 19 CHANGES AND EXTRA WORK 501 Contract Modifications 501 Changes in the Work 502 Types of Changes 508 Elements of a Change Order 512 Evaluating the Need 513 Considerations for Evaluation 514 Change Orders for Differing Site Conditions 515 Starting the Change Order Process 518 Cost of Delays Caused by Change Orders 521 Problems 521 20 CLAIMS AND DISPUTES 522 Five Principles of Contract Administration 522 Construction Problems 524 Protests 524 Claims 525 Claims and Disputes 530 Differences Between the Parties 532 Home Office Overhead 537 Scheduling Changes 544 Constructive Changes 545 Other Causes of Claims and Disputes 546 Resolving Differences 554 Preparations for Claims Defense 557 The Use of Project Records in Litigation 562 Order of Precedence of Contract Documents 563 Obligations of the Contractor 564 Alternative Methods for Dispute Resolution 565 Arbitration or Litigation? 567 The Mediation Process 569 Settlement of Disputes by Arbitration 570 Preliminary Notice of Potential Claim 574 Problems 574 21 PROJECT CLOSEOUT 577 Acceptance of the Work 577 Guarantee Period 578 Contract Time 579 Liquidated Damages for Delay 580 Cleanup 583 The Punch List 585 Preparations for Closeout 590 Completion versus Substantial Completion 597 Substantial Completion versus Beneficial Occupancy or Use 601 Beneficial Use/Partial Utilization 603 Liens and Stop Orders 605 Final Payment and Waiver of Liens 609 Stop Notice Release Bond 609 Post Completion 611 Problems 611 BIBLIOGRAPHY 613 INDEX 619 FORMS INDEX 633 FLOWCHART INDEX 635
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Construction industry -- Management.
Building -- Superintendence.