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Contents List of Tables v List of Figures vii Acknowledgments xi 1 The Archaeology of the East St. Louis Mound Center: Past and Present, John E. Kelly 1 Initial Historical Accounts 1 The Charles Rau Investigations 7 Cashes of Hoes and More 9 The Razing of the "Cemetery Mound" 17 Other Mounds 26 Patrick's Maps 29 Miscellaneous Investigations: Between Marsh and Moorehead 29 The Moorehead Investigations 31 Recent Archaeological Investigations 33 Discussion 37 Acknowledgments 42 2 Procedures of Excavation and Analysis, Timothy R. Pauketat, Lucretia S. Kelly, Kathryn E. Parker, and John E. Kelly 45 Reportage 49 Feature Analysis 50 Artifact Analyses and Radiocarbon Dates 50 Botanical Analysis 53 Faunal Analysis 54 Conclusions 56 3 Lohmann Phase Feature 418, John E. Kelly, Kathryn E. Parker, and Lucretia S. Kelly 57 Feature 418 58 Ceramics 61 Jars 61 Bottles and Seed Jars 77 Bowls and Beakers 77 Pans, Funnels, Stumpware, and Miscellaneous Pottery Artifacts 79 Discussion 81 Lithics 84 Plant Remains, Kathryn E. Parker 88 Conclusions 96 Faunal Remains, Lucretia S. Kelly 97 The Assemblage 97 Discussion and Summary 108 Chapter Summary 109 4 Mounds, Buildings, Posts, Palisades, and Compounds, Timothy R. Pauketat 111 A Note on Occupation History and Area Designations 112 Mounds and Associated Fills 112 Mound E-11 112 Mound E-1: The Cemetery Mound 128 Mound E-6 and the Swale Fill 132 Amorphous Non-Mound Fills 134 Buildings 150 Circular Buildings 150 Rectangular Buildings: Wall-Trench and Single- Post Constructions 160 Burned Huts 162 Miscellaneous Postmolds 165 Pits 165 Post Pits 169 Palisades and Compounds 175 Possible Compound Walls 175 Inner Palisade 181 Outer Palisade 181 Other Features 183 Discussion 183 Architectural Redundancy 183 Regional Context 186 Elite Ritual-Residential Compounds 187 Sequence 189 5 Stirling Phase Pottery, Timothy R. Pauketat 191 Vessel Assemblage 193 Jars 193 Bowls and Beakers 207 Other Vessels 215 Discussion 216 Whole Vessel Subassemblage 217 Breakage Patterns and Pottery Technology 221 Summary 225 6 Stirling Phase Lithic Artifacts, Timothy R. Pauketat 227 Chipped-Stone Artifacts 227 Nonchert Lithic Artifacts 239 Discussion 252 Summary 254 7 Stirling Phase Faunal Remains, Lucretia S. Kelly 255 Mammals 255 Birds 257 Fish 260 Reptiles and Amphibians 261 Invertebrates 261 Discussion 262 8 Stirling Phase Macrobotanical Remains, Kathryn E. Parker 265 Results of Analysis: Plant Remains from Flotation Samples 265 Wood 266 Nutshell 278 Seeds 278 Maise 278 Miscellaneous Construction Materials 279 Piece-Plots Inside the Burned Huts 279 Summary 282 9 Stirling Phase Human Skeletal Remains, Kristin Hedman 283 Skeletal Analysis 283 Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) 285 Age and Sex 285 Skeletal Pathology and Dental Pathologies 285 Taphonomy 285 Individual Burial Descriptions 286 Individual 1, Feature 4 286 Individual 2, Feature 414 286 Individual 3, Feature 414 286 Individual 4, Feature 373 287 Individual 5, Feature 34 287 Individual 6, Feature 424 287 Individual 7, Mound E11 288 Feature 458 (Isolated) 288 Backdirt (Isolated) 288 Conclusion 288 10 The Moorehead Phase Occupation, John E. Kelly, Kathryn E. Parker, and Lucretia S. Kelly 289 Features 289 Ceramic and Lithic Artifacts 293 Vessel Assemblage 297 Vessel Distribution 297 Ceramic Pipe 300 Lithics 300 Plant Remains, Kathryn Parker 303 Piece-plotted Botanical Construction Materials 306 Faunal Remains, Lucretia S. Kelly 306 Summary 306 11 Conclusions, Timothy R. Pauketat 309 Archaeological Patterns 309 A Regional Perspective 312 Appendix A: Postmolds Assigned PM Designations 315 Appendix B: Stirling Phase Feature Inventory 323 Appendix C: Select Feature Fill Descriptions 337 Appendix D: Burned Clay Inventory 381 Appendix E: Stirling Phase Pottery Body Sherds 385 Appendix F: Skeletal Element Inventory by Provenience 397 Appendix G: Dental Inventory by Individual 401 References 405 List of Tables 1.1. Summary of Ceramics from Rau Collection at Illinoistown 10 1.2. Summary of Lithic Artifacts 16 1.3. Summary of Materials from Patrick's East St. Louis Collection Sent to the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia 18 1.4. Summary of Shell Artifacts 24 1.5. Summary of Ceramics Recovered by Moorehead from Cahokia Creek 34 1.6. Material Recovered from Patrick Phase Feature 1 41 2.1. Radiocarbon Assays from the East St. Louis Southside Excavations 52 2.2. Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in Faunal Text and Tables 54 3.1. Feature 418 Body Sherds 61 3.2. Summary of Vessel Assemblage 62 3.3. Summary of St. Clair Plain Jar Attributes 63 3.4. Summary of Cahokia Red-Filmed Jar Attributes 65 3.5. Summary of Powell Plain Jar Attributes 67 3.6. Summary of Pulcher Jar Attributes 69 3.7. Summary of Bottle Attributes 79 3.8. Summary of Seed Jar Attributes 81 3.9. Summary of Bowl Attributes 82 3.10. Summary of Bowl/Beaker Attributes 84 3.11. Summary of Pan Attributes 84 3.12. Summary of Funnel Attributes 86 3.13. Summary of Stumpware Attributes 86 3.14. Summary of Ceramic Objects 88 3.15. Summary of Chert Materials and Artifacts from Feature 418 89 3.16. Summary of Nonchert Materials 90 3.17. Summary of Projectile Point Attributes 90 3.18. Summary of Microdrill Attributes 91 3.19. Plant Remains Recovered from Flotation 92 3.20. Summary of Identified Wood Charcoal from Feature 418 94 3.21. Summary of Identified Nutshell from Feature 418 95 3.22. Summary of Identified Seeds from Feature 418 96 3.23. Feature 418 Fauna Recovered from Flotation 98 3.24. Faunal Size Classes 99 3.25. Feature 418 Mammals Recovered from Excavation 99 3.26. Food Utility Index for Deer Bones Recovered from Feature 418 100 3.27. Food Utility Index for Deer Bones Recovered from the Lohmann Phase at the East St. Louis and Cahokia Sites 101 3.28. Calculations of MNE, MNIE, and MAU for Deer Bone Recovered from Feature 418 102 3.29. Bulk Density for Deer Bones Recovered 103 3.30. Feature 418 Birds Recovered from Excavation 106 3.31. Feature 418 Fish Recovered from Excavation 107 3.32. Feature 418 Reptiles and Amphibians Recovered from Excavation 108 3.33. Feature 418 Invertebrates Recovered from Excavation 108 3.34. Summary of Vertebrate Remains Recovered from Excavation 109 4.1. Miscellaneous Fills, Fill Areas, and Unidentified Features 151 4.2. Stirling Phase Buildings 152 4.3. Stirling Phase Post Walls 154 4.4. Post Features 155 4.5. Isolated Wall Trenches 157 4.6. Burned Storage Hut Attributes 167 4.7. Pits 170 4.8. Post Pits 174 4.9. Palisade Wall Features 182 4.10. Hearths 184 5.1. Minimum Number of Vessels 193 5.2. Miscellaneous Ceramic Objects, Rims, and Diagnostic Sherds Not Counted in MNV 194 5.3. Jars 197 5.4. Ramey Incised Jars 208 5.5. Bowls 211 5.6. Beakers 219 5.7. Seed Jars 221 5.8. Bottles, Jugs, and Funnels 222 5.9. Whole or Nearly Whole Stirling Phase Pots 225 5.10. Select Qualitative Vessel Breakage Observations 226 6.1. Burlington Chert 229 6.2. Mill Creek Chert 235 6.3. Miscellaneous Chert 236 6.4. Formal Lithic Tools 238 6.5. Miscellaneous Lithic Artifacts 244 7.1. General Summary of Stirling Phase Fauna 255 7.2. Summary of Mammal Remains 256 7.3. Comparison of Deer Food Utility Indices for East St. Louis 258 7.4. Summary of Birds Recovered from Stirling Phase Features 261 7.5. Fish Remains Recovered from Stirling Phase Features 263 7.6. Reptile and Amphibian Remains Recovered from Stirling Phase Features 263 7.7. Invertebrate Remains Recovered from Stirling Phase Features 263 8.1. Plant Remains Recovered from Flotation of Stirling Phase Deposits 267 8.2. Summary of Identified Wood from the Stirling Phase Component 277 8.3. Summary of Identified Seeds from the Stirling Phase Component 279 8.4. Macrobotanical Piece-plots from Burned Huts 280 9.1. Human Remains 284 10.1. Summary of Feature 9 Wall Trench Attributes and Postmold Attributes 293 10.2. Summary of Ceramic Sherds by Type and Provenience 295 10.3. Rims 296 10.4. Summary of Clay Pipe Attributes 300 10.5. Summary of Lithic Debris by Provenience 302 10.6. Summary of Chert Types and Artifacts by Provenience 302 10.7. Plant Remains from Flotation 304 10.8. Summary of Identified Seeds 305 10.9. In Situ Timbers and Piece-plotted Botanical Remains 305 10.10. Summary of Recovered Faunal Materials 307 List of Figures 1.1. Mississippian Mound Centers in the Northern American Bottom 2 1.2. The East St. Louis Mound Groups 3 1.3. Patrick's Map of the East St. Louis Mound Group, ca. 1876 5 1.4. Material Recovered by Rau from Deposit Along Cahokia Creek in Illinoistown 8 1.5. Ceramic Jar Rims Recovered by Rau from Deposit Along Cahokia Creek in Illinoistown 12 1.6. Ramey Incised Jar Rims Recovered by Rau from Deposit Along Cahokia Creek in Illinoistown 13 1.7. Bowl and Beaker Sherds Recovered by Rau from Deposit Along Cahokia Creek in Illinoistown 14 1.8. Notched Hoes from the Sixth Street Cache in East St. Louis 15 1.9. Shell Beads Recovered by Marsh from Cemetery Mound 21 1.10. Marine-Shell Beads from Mounds in East St. Louis Cemetery Mound 22 1.11. Lithic Items Recovered by Marsh from Cemetery Mound 23 1.12. Ceramics from Mound in East St. Louis 27 1.13. Long-Necked Bottle from Mound in East St. Louis 28 1.14. Illinois City Plat with Mound Locations 30 1.15. Location of Cemetery Mound (E-1) and Adjacent Mounds with Respect to Current East St. Louis Landscape 32 1.16. Emergent Mississippian and Mississippian Ceramics Recovered by Moorehead from Deposit Along Cahokia Creek 35 1.17. Chert Adze Recovered by Moorehead from Along Cahokia Creek 36 1.18. Brandt's Schematic Map of the East St. Louis Mound Group 37 1.19. Mounds Located in the Illinois City Subgroup 38 1.20. Location of SIUE Test Trenches in the Cemetery Mound Area 39 1.21. Plan and Profile of Features in Test Trench 1 40 2.1. Plan View of the East St. Louis Southside Excavations 46 2.2. Southside Excavations at the East St. Louis Site 47 2.3. Pit Profile Shape Classes 51 2.4. Pottery Jar Rim Shape Attributes 52 3.1. Location of Feature 418 in Southside Excavations 59 3.2. Feature 418, Plan View 60 3.3. Feature 418 Shell-Tempered Jar Profiles 70 3.4. Feature 418 Limestone-Tempered Jar Profiles 75 3.5. Select Jar Fragments from Feature 418 76 3.6. Graph of Volumes 78 3.7. Bottle and Seed Jar Profiles 80 3.8. Bowl and Beaker Profiles 83 3.9. Beaker and Decorated Sherds 85 3.10. Funnel and Stumpware Profiles 87 3.11. Selected Formal Lithic Artifacts from Feature 418 91 3.12. Selected Bone Artifacts from Feature 418 104 4.1. Excavation Area Designations Foldout 4.2. Area I Features, Plan View 113 4.3. Area II Features, Plan View 114 4.4. Area III Features, Plan View 115 4.5. Area IV Features, Plan View 116 4.6. Area V Features, Plan View 117 4.7. Area VI Features, Plan View 118 4.8. Area VII Features, Plan View 119 4.9. Area VIII Features, Plan View 120 4.10. Mound E-11 Fill, Plan View of Uppermost Horizontal Exposure 122 4.11. Mound E-11 Profile, Showing Feature 9 123 4.12. Mound E-11 Profile, Showing Feature 131 and Feature 133 124 4.13. Mound E-11 Profile, Showing Feature 197 Post Pit 125 4.14. Mound E-11 Profile, Showing Feature 9, Feature 127, Feature 190, and Feature 218 126 4.15. Mound E-11 Profile, Showing Feature 179 127 4.16. Mound E-11 and Feature 128 Profile 128 4.17. Mound E-11 Profile, Showing Feature 133, Feature 127, Feature 190, and Feature 218 129 4.18. Mound E-11 Profile, Showing Feature 131, Feature 133, Feature 146, and Feature 172 130 4.19. Borrow Feature 96 Profile 131 4.20. Area VI-VII and Mound E-6 Long Wall Profile, E122-E152 (view to south) Foldout 4.21. Area VII-VIII and Mound E-6 Long Wall Profile, E152-E201 (view to south) Foldout 4.22. Mound E-6 West Profile, E110-E151(view to the north) Foldout 4.23. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E122-E130 135 4.24. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E130-E138 136 4.25. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E138-E146 137 4.26. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E146-E152 138 4.27. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E152-E159 139 4.28. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E159-E169 140 4.29. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E169-E176 141 4.30. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E176-E185 142 4.31. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E185-E193 143 4.32. Close-up of Mound E-6/Swale Fill Profile, E193-E201 144 4.33. Close-up of Mound E-6 West Profile, E110-E118 145 4.34. Close-up of Mound E-6 West Profile, E118-E126 146 4.35. Close-up of Mound E-6 West Profile, E126-E134 147 4.36. Close-up of Mound E-6 West Profile, E134-E142 148 4.37. Close-up of Mound E-6 West Profile, E142-E151 149 4.38. Longitudinal Profile of Feature 32 Postmolds 159 4.39. Select Profiles of Wall Features 161 4.40. Burned Hut Size Distribution 163 4.41. Schematic Comparison of Typical Wall-Trench Construction Versus Hut Construction 164 4.42. Profile Showing Feature 479, Feature 418, and Feature 411/481 165 4.43. Additional Profiles of Huts 166 4.44. Plan View of Huts 168 4.45. Select Pit Profiles 172 4.46. Number of Pits by Depth 173 4.47. Schematic Drawing Showing the Emplacement of Post in Post Pit 175 4.48. Plan Views of Post Pits 176 4.49. Select Post Pit Profiles, Longitudinal Section Through Back-Filled Extraction Ramps 177 4.50. Select Post Pit Profiles, Longitudinal Section Through Back-Filled Insertion Ramps 179 4.51. Select Profiles of Hearths 185 4.52. Schematic Reconstruction of Southside Area of East St. Louis Site 186 5.1. Miscellaneous Pottery Artifacts 192 5.2. Stirling Phase Jar Profiles 201 5.3. Stirling Phase Jar, Jug, and Seed Jar Profiles 202 5.4. Mound E-6 Jar and Seed Jar Profiles 203 5.5. Mound E-11 Vessel Profiles 204 5.6. Ramey Incised Jar Fragments 205 5.7. Other Ramey Incised Sherds 209 5.8. Numbers of Jars by Orifice Diameter 210 5.9. Profiles of Stirling Phase Bowls 212 5.10. Mound E-6 Bowl, Beaker, Pan, and Funnel Profiles 213 5.11. Decorated Bowl and Beaker Rim Sherds 214 5.12. Decorated Fineware Body Sherds 215 5.13. Numbers of Bowls and Beakers by Orifice Diameter 217 5.14. Top, Side, and Basal Views of Intact Bowl from Feature 455 218 5.15. Stirling Phase Beaker and Funnel Profiles 220 5.16. Jug Profile, Vessel 455-4 223 5.17. Top, Side, and Basal Views of Jug, Vessel 455-4 224 6.1. Lithic Artifact Classes by Percent 228 6.2. Chert Types by Weight 239 6.3. Oversized Side-Notched Projectile Point from Mound E-11 240 6.4. Other Chert Projectile Points 240 6.5. Large Retouched Flake Knife from Feature 351 and Microdrill from Feature 340 241 6.6. Chipped-Stone Ramey Knives and Adze Blade 242 6.7. Mill Creek Chert Hoe Blades 243 6.8. Igneous Rock Celts 253 7.1. Comparison of Deer Food Utility Indices 260 7.2. Modified Faunal Remains 262 7.3. Mollusk Shell Beads 264 10.1. The Moorehead Phase Occupation Atop Mound E-11 290 10.2. Plan View of Features 9, 126, and 168 291 10.3. Feature 9 Wall Trench Profiles 294 10.4. Moorehead Phase Vessel Profiles 298 10.5. Fired Clay Pipe from Feature 9 301
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Mississippian culture -- Illinois -- East Saint Louis.
Mounds -- Illinois -- East Saint Louis.
Excavations (Archaeology) -- Illinois -- East Saint Louis.
East Saint Louis (Ill.) -- Antiquities.