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Contents Acknowledgments v Dedication vii Chapter 1: Introduction: My Personal-Professional Journey into the World of Criminal Gangs 1 Some Basic Gang Concepts Developed from My Personal and Professional Experiences 9 Near-Group Theory 10 The Issue of "Gang Membership: Six Basic Gang-Role Categories of Gang Status 10 Active Gang Roles 11 Nonactive Gang Roles 11 Gangs in Court 13 Endnotes 20 Chapter 2: A Brief History of American Gangs in the Criminal Justice System 21 Gangs 1900-1950 22 Early territorial gangs 22 Bootleg gangs 23 Post-Prohibition gangs 27 The 1950s youth gang era 28 The New York City Youth Board 28 The Morningside Heights Gang Project 28 Social gangs 29 Delinquent gangs 29 Violent gangs 30 Endnotes 33 Chapter 3: General Characteristics of Contemporary Criminal Street Gangs 35 The Impact of More Lethal Weapons 36 Black-on-Black and Chicano-on-Chicano Violence 37 Family Issues 40 Drugs and Violence 42 Multipurpose Gangs 45 The Emotional Characteristics of Gangsters 45 Seeking status in a gang 45 Macho syndrome or psychosis 46 Why Gangsters "Snitch" 48 The arrest situation 49 Fingering an outsider 49 The police 52 Defective socialization 53 Gangsters as sociopaths 57 A summary of sociopathic perspectives on the gangster 60 Endnotes 69 Chapter 4: Gang Racial Issues: Chicano, Black, White Power and Asian Gangs in and out of Prison 71 Hispanic Gangs 72 Machismo and Chicano Gangs 76 JosÄ: A Puerto Rican New York Gangster 80 African-American Gangs 83 A Prototypical Black Gangster: Ed's Story 84 Gangsters and Gangs in Prison 95 White Power Gangs in Prison 98 White Power Gangs: Nazi Low Riders 98 A General Analysis of Asian Gangs 100 A Cambodian Gang Case 108 Endnotes 112 Chapter 5: Summary and Analysis of the Social and Psychological Factors That Are the Foundation for My Opinions and Testimony As an Expert-Witness 113 Gang Structure and Near Group Theory 114 Gang Roles 115 Active Gang Roles 116 Non-Active Gang Roles 116 A Non-Gang Member 119 Non-Criminal Gang Activities 120 Gang Culture In the Judicial Process 124 The Concepts of "Imperfect Self-Defense" and "Victim-Precipitated Homicide." 131 Endnotes 133 Chapter 6: Gangs and the Death Penalty 135 1. A Florida Case Death Penalty Case 136 2. A California Death Penalty Report on Sam 141 3. An Arizona Gang Murder Case 144 Summary of the Case 144 4. A California Case for Determining a Life or Death Penalty 149 5. A California Case Report 152 The Argument for Life Without Parole in Lieu of the Death Penalty 158 Endnotes 171 Appendix A: A Panorama of Some Notable Gang Cases I Have Worked on as an Expert Witness-Including My Brief Theory and Analysis of these Prototypical Cases 173 Preface 174 1. The Egyptian King Gang Murder 176 2. A Homicide Involving a Convicted Hells Angel's Gang Murderer 176 3. A Gang Murder in Hollywood 177 4. The Prosecution of Two Gangster Defendants Involved in the Attempted Murder of Reginald Denney during the 1992 LA Riots 177 5. A Drive-by Shooting Case 178 6. Gang robbery and Coercion of the Defendant 180 7. A Murder in Santa Barbara 180 8. Asian Gang Homicide 181 9. A Gang Homicide 183 10. Case Involving the Alleged Shooting of a Gun into a Bar 184 11. The Assault of the Pagan Biker Gang 184 12. Salinas Gang Retaliation Case Involving a Young Girl Being Molested by the "Alleged" Victim 191 13. A Robbery Homicide 192 14. Hells Angels Motorcycle Gang 193 15. A Victim-Precipitated Gang Homicide 195 16. Gang Retaliatory Homicide Committed by a Former G 197 17. Gang Carjack and Robbery Case 199 18. A Norteno-Sureno Confrontation That Resulted in a Homicide 202 19. Gang Robbery Case 204 20. Gangsters Killing Their Homies 205 21. The Case of a Fourteen-Year Old Wannabe Caught in the Web of a Gang Murder 207 22. Gang Case Involving and Alleged Gang Carjacking and Shooting into a Building in Salinas 209 23. Gang Case of a G Robbing an Individual of His Rolex Watch 212 24. How a Violent Gang Hood Influenced a Mother to Spank Her Child in Order to Stand Up to Gang Bullies 213 25. A Gangster's Effort to Silence a Witness 216 26. An Altercation in an Alleged Prison Gang Conflict 216 27. Gang Homicide by an Alleged Colonia Gang Member at a Party 219 28. Complicated Asian Gang Conflict and Homicide Involving Tiny Rascals Gang versus Crazy Brothers Clan Cambodian 220 29. Gang Case Involving a Youth Studying the Norteno-Sureno Complex, Hanging Out with a Gang and Being Arrested 222 30. A Gang Homicide Involving Two Individuals Who Allegedly Belonged to an Armenian Gang Known as "Armenian Power" 224 31. A Gang Homicide in the Tehachapi State Prison 228 32. A Gang Homicide in the Los Angeles County Central Jail 229 33. Alleged Gang Shooting 232 34. An Alleged Gang Attack That Centered Around a Drug Deal 234 35. Drug Deal Allegedly Involved in the Murder of Two of His Cohorts 237 36. A Question and Answer Report for Testimony Requested by an Attorney Related to a Case of Homicide and Necrophilia 238 The Resolution of the Case 244 Afterword 244 Endnotes 245 Appendix B: Enhanced Gang Penalties-Sentencing Laws in the United States 247
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Gangs -- United States.
Evidence, Expert -- United States.
Criminal justice, Administration of -- United States.
Juvenile delinquency -- United States.