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CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS GLOSSARY ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A NOTE ON THE TEXT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PREFACE MAPS Map 1 Japan?s administrative districts, US bases in Japan and basic statistics on Japan Map 2 Japan and East Asia PART I JAPAN?S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: WHAT, WHY AND HOW 1 The significance of Japan?s international relations 1.1 Debates on Japan?s international relations 1.1.i Metaphors of change 1.1.ii Metaphors of challenge 1.1.iii Metaphors of contradiction 1.2 Why Japan matters: economics, politics and security 1.2.i Economics 1.2.ii Politics 1.2.iii Security 1.2.iv A tri-dimensional perspective 1.3 Why Japan matters: regional and global perspectives 1.3.i United States 1.3.ii East Asia 1.3.iii Europe 1.3.iv Global institutions 1.3.v Balancing regional and global perspectives 1.4 Paradigmatic paradoxes? 1.4.i Japan?s role: what, why and how 1.4.ii Japan?s international relations as normal and proactive 1.5 Summary 2 Explaining Japan?s international relations 2.1 Methodology 2.2 Historical overview: from the Chinese world order to the post-Cold War period 2.2.i Chinese world order 2.2.ii Imperial world order 2.2.iii Cold War order 2.2.iv Post-Cold War period 2.2.v Dominant historical patterns of Japan?s international relations 2.3 Determinants of Japan?s international relations: structure, agency and norms 2.3.i Theoretical approach 2.3.ii International structures 2.3.iii Domestic agency 2.3.iv Norms 2.4 Reactivity and proactivity 2.4.i Reactivity and immobilism 2.4.ii Proactivity 2.4.iii Normal reactivity and proactivity of the Japanese state 2.5 Normal modes of instrumentalization 2.5.i Crisis and long-term policy-making 2.5.ii Formal, informal and proxy channels 2.5.iii Sources of quiet diplomacy 2.5.iv Cultural determinism? 2.5.v Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral levels 2.6 Instrumentalizing policy 2.6.i Primacy of economic power 2.7 Summary PART II JAPAN-UNITED STATES RELATIONS 3 Introduction 3.1 A new Japan? 3.2 Approach 3.3 Historical overview 3.3.i Changing international structures 3.3.ii Changing domestic order 3.3.iii Changing domestic society 3.4 Summary 4 Japan-United States political relations 4.1 Overview 4.2 Changes in the structure of the international system 4.2.i Normalization of relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 4.2.ii Japan?s response to the Vietnam War 4.2.iii Normalization of relations with China 4.2.iv Opportunities of multipolarity 4.2.v Opportunities and constraints of renewed bipolarity 4.2.vi Opportunities and constraints of the post-Cold War period 4.2.vii The ?war on terror? 4.2.viii Bilateralism and multilateralism 4.3 Domestic society 4.3.i Americanization of the academic community 4.3.ii Public opinion 4.4 Summary 5 Japan-United States economic relations 5.1 Overview 5.2 Trade relations 5.2.i Trade conflicts 5.3 Investment relations 5.3.i Manufacturing investment 5.3.ii Finance 5.4 Japan, the United States and regional projects 5.4.i North American Free Trade Agreement 5.4.ii Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 5.5 Developmental and liberal economic norms 5.6 Summary 6 Japan-United States security relations 6.1 Overview 6.2 Interpreting the security treaty 6.3 Cold War period 6.3.i International setting and domestic agency 6.3.ii Balancing internal and external pressures 6.4 Post-Cold War period 6.4.i Implications of the Cold War?s ending 6.4.ii ?Reaffirmation? or ?redefinition? of the security treaty? 6.4.iii Revised Guidelines for United States-Japan Defence Cooperation 6.4.iv ?Situations in areas surrounding Japan? 6.4.v Ballistic Missile Defence 6.4.vi Japan?s proactive role after 9/11 6.4.vii Post-9/11 deployments of SDF 6.4.viii Deployment of GSDF to Iraq 6.4.ix New National Defence Programme Outline 6.4.x United States bases in mainland Japan 6.4.xi United States bases in Okinawa 6.5 Summary 7 Conclusion 7.1 The changing nature of Japan-United States relations 7.2 Continuing strength of bilateralism 7.3 Salience of other norms 7.4 Dominant pattern of Japan-United States relations PART III JAPAN-EAST ASIA RELATIONS 8 Introduction 8.1 Japan and the rejoining and remaking of East Asia: Association of Southeast Asian Nations+3 8.2 Approach 8.3 Historical overview 1945--56: the origins of structural barriers to Japan-East Asia interaction 8.3.i Legacy of colonialism 8.3.ii National division 8.3.iii Cold War bipolarity 8.3.iv Fragmentation of the East Asian regional political economy 8.3.v Japan?s isolation from East Asia 8.4 Summary 9 Japan-East Asia political relations 9.1 Overview 9.2 Japan and China 9.2.i Japan?s approach towards China: structure, agency and norms 9.2.ii Sino-Japanese relations and normalization in the first Cold War period 9.2.iii Sino-Japanese relations in the 1980s 9.2.iv Tiananmen Square incident 9.2.v Sino-Japanese political relations in the post-Cold War period 9.3 Japan and the Korean Peninsula 9.3.i Japan?s approach towards North and South Korea: structure, agency and norms 9.3.ii Japan-South Korea relations in the Cold War period 9.3.iii Japan-North Korea relations in the Cold War period 9.3.iv Japan-South Korea relations in the post-Cold War period 9.3.v Japan-North Korea relations in the post-Cold War period 9.4 Japan and Southeast Asia 9.4.i Japan?s approach towards Southeast Asia: structure, agency and norms 9.4.ii Japan and Southeast Asia in the Cold War period 9.4.iii Japan and the Vietnam War 9.4.iv Japan and the emergence of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations 9.4.v Japan?ASEAN relations in the post-Cold War period 9.4.vi East Asian Economic Caucus, the East Asian community and the continuing limits of Japanese political regionalism 9.5 Summary 10 Japan-East Asia economic relations 10.1 Overview 10.2 Japan?s economic re-entry and presence in East Asia 10.2.i Official Development Assistance 10.2.ii Foreign direct investment 10.2.iii Trade 10.3 Japan and the economic development of the East Asia region 10.3.i Developmental models 10.3.ii Propagation of developmental norms 10.3.iii Criticisms of the developmental state model 10.4 Japan and the East Asian economic crisis 10.4.i East Asian financial and economic crises 10.4.ii Japan?s perceived responsibility for the crises 10.4.iii Japan?s regional response and the Asian Monetary Fund 10.4.iv New Miyazawa Initiative 10.5 Japan?s regional economic strategy post-financial crisis 10.6 Summary 11 Japan?East Asia security relations 11.1 Overview 11.2 The pattern of Japan?s security policy in East Asia 11.2.i Structure, agency and norms in Japan?s security role in East Asia 11.2.ii Japan?s alternative security agenda 11.3 Japan and East Asian security in the Cold War period 11.3.i Japan and Southeast Asia 11.3.ii Korean Peninsula 11.3.iii China 11.3.iv Japan and multilateral security in East Asia in the Cold War period 11.4 Japan and East Asian security in the post-Cold War period 11.4.i Changes in the post-Cold War international structure 11.4.ii Complexity of the post-Cold War security agenda 11.4.iii Japan?s bilateral security links with East Asia in the post-Cold War period 11.4.iv Japan and multilateral security in East Asia in the post-Cold War period 11.4.v United States-Japan alliance and regional security in the post-Cold War period 11.4.vi Japanese economic power and security policy in the post-Cold War period 11.5 Summary 12 Conclusion 12.1 Association of Southeast Asian Nations+3 revisited 12.2 Japan?s reconstruction of an East Asia region PART IV JAPAN-EUROPE RELATIONS 13 Introduction 13.1 Japan hosts Balkan conference 13.2 From early encounters to defeat in World War II 13.3 Core states of Europe 13.4 Divided continent 13.5 European Economic Community 13.6 Summary 14 Japan-Europe political relations 14.1 Overview 14.2 Japan and the community of Europe 14.2.i Fall of the Berlin Wall 14.2.ii Consolidating links with the European Community 14.3 Policy-making actors 14.3.i Policy-making agents 14.3.ii Political parties 14.3.iii Business interests 14.3.iv Non-governmental organizations 14.3.v The European Commission Delegation in Tokyo 14.4 Japan and the European Union member states 14.4.i Japan?s promotion of shared interests with the European Union 14.4.ii Japan?s promotion of multilevel engagements with the European Union 14.4.iii Standardized approach to the European Union 14.5 Japan and expanded Europe 14.6 Expanding dialogue with Europe 14.7 Cooperating in regional fora 14.7.i Multilateral opportunities 14.7.ii Asia-Europe Meeting 14.8 Emerging norms: new trilateralism? 14.8.i Trilateral Commission 14.8.ii New trilateralism 14.9 Summary 15 Japan-Europe economic relations 15.1 Overview 15.2 Economic relations with the European Union 15.2.i Japan as an emerging challenge during the 1970s and 1980s 15.2.ii Responding to structural changes 15.2.iii Anti-dumping 15.2.iv ?Screwdriver? problems 15.3 Post-Cold War economic relations 15.3.i The 1990s--2000s 15.3.ii EU Enlargement 15.4 Domestic actors 15.4.i Policy-making agents 15.4.ii Other policy-making actors 15.4.iii Business interests 15.5 National differences of perception and reception 15.5.i Types of market 15.5.ii Reception by host government 15.5.iii Links with the European Union 15.6 Expanded Europe 15.7 Institutions 15.8 Trilateralism 15.9 Summary 16 Japan-Europe security relations 16.1 Overview 16.2 Cold War structures 16.3 Post-Cold War changes 16.4 Facing a converging European security agenda 16.4.i Shared security interests 16.4.ii Pursuing a broad agenda 16.5 Key issues 16.5.i Peacekeeping operations 16.5.ii Alternative security agenda 16.6 Expanded Europe 16.6.i Russia 16.6.ii The Balkans 16.6.iii The new EU member states 16.7 Multilateral security dialogue 16.7.i North Atlantic Treaty Organization 16.7.ii Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 16.7.iii United Nations 16.7.iv G7/8 16.7.v ASEAN Regional Forum 16.7.vi Six Party Talks 16.8 Domestic actors 16.8.i Policy-making agents 16.8.ii Non-governmental organizations 16.9 Changing security norms 16.10 Summary 17 Conclusion 17.1 Trilateral agenda 17.2 Balancing relations 17.3 Tripolar competition 17.4 Triangular unity 17.5 Supplemental strategy PART V JAPAN-GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS 18 Introduction 18.1 Renewed internationalism 18.2 From Versailles to the San Francisco peace treaty 18.3 Post-war reintegration of Japan 18.4 Summary 19 Japan-United Nations 19.1 Overview 19.2 United Nations reform 19.2.i United Nations Security Council 19.2.ii Japanese initiatives 19.3 Representation 19.3.i Personnel 19.3.ii United Nations University 19.4 Economics 19.4.i Funding 19.4.ii Development 19.4.iii Environmental issues 19.5 Security 19.5.i Peacekeeping 19.5.ii Disarmament 19.5.iii The ?war on terror? 19.6 Summary 20 Japan-economic institutions 20.1 Overview 20.2 Historical context 20.3 The IMF 20.3.i Financial contributions 20.3.ii Japanese representation at the IMF 20.3.iii Reform of the IMF 20.3.iv Policy-making process 20.4 The World Bank 20.4.i Financial contributions 20.4.ii Japanese representation at the World Bank 20.4.iii Japan as a norm entrepreneur and the East Asian Miracle Report 20.4.iv Policy-making process 20.5 GATT/WTO 20.5.i Trade liberalization 20.5.ii US-Japan relations 20.5.iii Japanese initiatives in the WTO 20.5.iv WTO membership 20.5.v Policy-making process 20.6 Summary 21 Japan-G7/8 21.1 Overview 21.2 Economic issues 21.2.i Management of the global economy 21.2.ii Debt relief 21.3 Russia and the G7/8 21.3.i Russian reconstruction 21.3.ii From G7 to G8 21.4 Japan, East Asia and the G7/8 21.4.i Japan as a regional leader 21.4.ii East Asian participation 21.5 Promotion of security 21.5.i Traditional security 21.5.ii New security challenges 21.6 Policy-making process 21.6.i The Prime minister 21.6.ii MOFA and MOF 21.6.iii Other ministries 21.6.iv Big business, opposition parties and non-state actors 21.7 Domestic issues 21.8 Summary 22 Conclusion 22.1 Assuming global responsibilities 22.2 Internationalist future? PART VI JAPAN?S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: WHAT NEXT? 23 Japan explained 23.1 Japan: no longer an enigma 23.2 Japan-United States relations 23.2.i What? 23.2.ii Why? 23.2.iii How? 23.3 Japan-East Asia relations 23.3.i What? 23.3.ii Why? 23.3.iii How? 23.4 Japan-Europe relations 23.4.i What? 23.4.ii Why? 23.4.iii How? 23.5 Japan-global institutions 23.5.i What? 23.5.ii Why? 23.5.iii How? 23.6 Japan?s quietly proactive diplomacy 23.6.i Crisis and long-term policy-making 23.6.ii Formal, informal and proxy channels 23.6.iii Bilateral, regional and multilateral levels 23.7 Summary 24 Japan: the challenge of globalization 24.1 Overview 24.2 Globalization and the tri-dimensional approach 24.2.i Political dimension 24.2.ii Economic dimension 24.2.iii Security dimension 24.3 Globalizing agents 24.3.i Political dimension 24.3.ii Economic dimension 24.3.iii Security dimension 24.4 Globalizing norms 24.4.i Political dimension 24.4.ii Economic dimension 24.4.iii Security dimension 24.5 Globalization and quiet diplomacy 24.6 Challenges for Japan CHRONOLOGY OF JAPAN AND WORLD AFFAIRS 1933--2006 BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLES APPENDICES 0.1 Internet sources 1.1 Constitution of Japan ? Preamble and Article 9 1.2 Post-war prime ministers of Japan 1.3 Security Treaty between the United States and Japan 1951 1.4 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan 1960 2.1 Constitution of Japan ? Article 66 4.1 Bilateral visits between Japan and the United States 6.1 Japan-US Joint Declaration on Security 1996 9.1 Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People?s Republic of China 1972 9.2 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People?s Republic of China 1978 9.3 Japan-China Joint Declaration on Building a Partnership of Friendship and Cooperation 1998 9.4 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea 1965 9.5 Japan-Republic of Korea Joint Declaration 1998 9.6 Joint Declaration Issued by Korean Workers? Party, Liberal Democratic Party and Japan Socialist Party 1990 9.7 Japan-DPRK Pyongyang Declaration 14.1 Joint Declaration on Relations between the EC and Japan 1991 21.1 G7/8 summits INDEX
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Japan -- Foreign relations -- 1989-.