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CONTENTS About the Editors Contributors Foreword John A. Gans Preface Chapter 1. Health and Health Care in the United States David M. Scott Health and Disease Historical Evolution of Health Services The Private Health Care Sector The Public Health Care System Health Care: Right or Privilege Conclusion Chapter 2. Financing Health Care in the United States Lon N. Larson Introduction and Purpose History and Organizations The Flow of Funds: Pooling Resources Summary Chapter 3. Managed Care and Pharmacy Services Kenneth W. Schafermeyer Background and Rationale for Managed Health Care Structure of the Managed Care Industry Types of Health Insurance Programs Prescription Drug Benefits Controlling Costs and Encouraging Compliance Impact of Managed Care on Pharmacy xi Chapter 4. The Health Professions 65 Albert I. Wertheimer 65 Introduction Prescribing Authority Health Manpower Physicians Pharmacy Personnel and Practice Site Issues and Trends Appendix Chapter 5. Pharmacists in the U.S. Health Care System 97 Craig A. Pedersen 97 Introduction Workforce Supply Demand Surplus or Shortage? PEW Health Professions Commission Report Education Conclusion Chapter 6. Pharmacy Organizations 129 Joseph Thomas III 129 Introduction Role of Pharmacy Organizations Historical Development of Pharmacy Organizations Specific Pharmacy Organizations Current Issues for Pharmacy Organizations Individual Decisions Regarding Organizations Chapter 7. Emerging Roles 149 Richard J. Bertin 149 Introduction Advanced Practice Credentialing Collaborative Drug Therapy Management Pharmacist Immunization Programs Conclusion Chapter 8. Political Realities of Pharmacy 165 Robert I. Field Growth of Pharmaceutical Use and Spending: Prelude to Intensifying Political Conflict Political Fallout Regulation, Patents, and Politics Insurance for Prescriptions State Cost Control Issues: Medicaid and the Uninsured Other Cost Control Issues The Debate over Medicare Coverage Pharmaceutical Industry Research and Marketing The Role of Pharmacists The Next Political Reality: Genetics Looking Ahead 166 Chapter 9. Hospital and Health Care Institutions 187 Charles E. Daniels 187 Introduction Scope of the U.S. Health Care Institution Types of Hospitals Hospital Organization and Services Health Care Staffing Hospital Ownership Regulation Accreditation Future Directions and Challenges Facing Hospitals Appendix A: Requirements for Inclusion in AHA Guide if not JCAHO or CMS Certified Appendix B: Joint Commission on Accreditation 200 of Healthcare Organizations 201 Chapter 10. Pharmacist Involvement in Long-Term Care for Seniors Tanya C. Knight-Klimas 213 Richard G. Stefanacci 213 215 Demographics of the Elderly Population Demand for Health Care Services Special Considerations in the Provision of Health Care to the Elderly 216 220 Long-Term Care Nursing Facilities Future Payer Initiatives Conclusion Chapter 11. The Research Manufacturing 251 Pharmaceutical Industry Patrick McKercher 251 Introduction Economic Impact Common Criticisms Vulnerability The Future Chapter 12. Drug Distribution 261 Sheryl L. Szeinbach Earlene E. Lipowski 261 Introduction Distribution and Marketing Strategy Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Care Distributors in the United States Contributions of the Distributor Industry Repackaging and Prepackaging Distribution in Large Community Pharmacies Other Distribution Channels Availability and Distribution of Generic Drugs Other Trends in Distribution Achieving Operational Efficiency Through Automation Conclusion Chapter 13. The Consumers of Health Care 283 Somnath Pal Damary Castanheira Maria Sulli 284 The Definition of the Health Care Consumer Why the Shift Toward Consumerism? Where Do Consumers Most Often Get Their Health 288 Information? Changing Demographics of Health Care Consumers 290 Behavioral Models in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship 294 304 Health, Illness, and Sick-Role Behavior Diversity in the U.S. Consumer Conclusion Chapter 14. The Drug Use Process 331 Jack E. Fincham 331 Introduction Self-Care Self-Medication Patient Compliance The Use of Models to Predict Health Care Utilization Summary Chapter 15. Provisions of Care to Subpopulations: 361 A Cultural Perspective Eucharia E. Nnad 361 Introduction Minorities: Diversity in the Health Care Fields Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and Health Care Cultural Sensitivity Epidemiology and Ethnic Variations Ethnic and Racial Difference in Treatment Outcome Variations Cultural Influences and Utilization of Pharmaceutical 368 Services Culture and Treatment Compliance Conclusion 369 Chapter 16. Unresolved Issues in Pharmacy 397 William A. Zellmer 397 Introduction The Profession of Pharmacy Preventable Problems in Medication Use Current Deployment of Pharmacists Weak Pulse of Professionalism Optimum Use of Pharmacists Credentialing Patient Care Pharmacists Continuing the Development of Pharmacy Technicians An Alternative Scenario Conclusion Chapter 17. New Technologies: Understanding the Basics 413 of Biotechnology Nicholas Bartone Robert J. Amend Richard S. Hurd Sandip Singh 414 Essentials of Biotechnology Applications of Biotechnologyin Health Care Drug Delivery of Protein Products Biotechnology Manufacturing Practices Impact of Biotechnology on Health Care Costs Ethical Issues Created by Biotechnology Conclusion Chapter 18. Pharmacy Looks to the Future 459 Jon C. Schommer Richard R. Cline Tom A. Larson Donald L. Uden Ronald S. Hadsall Stephen W. Schondelmeyer 459 Introduction Trends and Issues Diffusion of Innovations and the Tipping Point Principle Which Communication Channels Are Being Used? Practice Models of The Future Summary Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Pharmaceutical policy -- United States.
Pharmaceutical services -- United States.
Pharmaceutical Services -- United States.
Delivery of Health Care -- United States.
Pharmacy -- trends -- United States.