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Contents Acknowledgements xi Permissions xiv Introduction by Jane Goodall 1 1. The Budongo Forest 5 History of the forest 7 The forest in more detail 9 Climate 9 Disease and the human population 10 Dynamics of Budongo Forest 12 Timber 14 The forest today 18 2. The Sonso community 21 Counting chimpanzees in a community 21 Habituation 25 Data 27 Range and density of the Sonso community 28 Community size 30 Births 32 The birth of Katia 34 Age and age groups 35 Infertility 36 Demographic structure 37 Males who go missing temporarily 37 3. Morbidity and mortality 38 Intestinal parasites 38 Medicinal plant use 41 Soil-eating 43 SIVcpz status of the Sonso chimpanzees 44 Death 45 Death of a young adult male 45 Death of an adult female 47 Death of an old male 48 Human-ape-disease transmission 50 Non-fatal epidemic 51 Injuries 51 4. Diet and culture at Sonso 54 Forest types and chimpanzee foods 54 Food types and food species 55 Insects and honey 56 Food preferences 57 Factors underlying food preferences: sugars and tannins 62 Food availability 65 Seed dispersal by chimpanzees 67 Fruit-sharing 69 Termite-eating and sharing 72 Meat-eating 73 Co-ordinated hunting 76 Crop-raiding 79 Sonso culture 80 5. Social organization 85 Parties, food and social factors 86 Party size 87 Party duration 88 Party composition 88 Effects of oestrous females on party size and party type 91 Time of day and party size 93 Seasonality 93 Influence of food supply on party size 94 Nesting and nesting parties 96 Consortships 99 Kinship 100 Ranges and ranging behaviour 103 Inter-community movements of adult females 104 Inter-community fighting 106 6. Social behaviour and relationships 109 Communication 109 Grooming and other affiliative behaviours 110 Play 114 Sex and reproduction 115 Copulation and time of day 119 Seasonality of oestrous cycles 122 Status 123 Status change 126 Tactical association and alliance partners 126 How to defeat an aggressive challenger 128 Reconciliation 130 Status among females 131 Vocalizations 133 Pant-hoots 135 Barks 142 Screams 142 7. Infanticide 145 First observation of infanticide 145 Infanticide by Sonso males 146 Infanticide within the community 150 The role of females in cases of infanticide 151 8. Intra-community killing - the case of Zesta 154 Inter-community killing between adults 154 Zesta 154 Background to Zesta 156 The killing of Zesta 157 Zesta's injuries 159 Interpretation 162 9. The problem of snares 164 The background to snaring 165 Snare types 166 Traps 166 Injuries from snares and traps 168 Deaths from snares and traps 170 Deaths from snares 171 Deaths from traps 172 Death from spearing 173 Effects of snare injuries on feeding and social life 175 Snare removal project 179 Live-trap project 186 Release of chimpanzees from live-traps 188 Snare injuries at other sites 189 10. The human foreground 191 Micro-demography of the local population 191 Local uses of forest products 194 Local attitudes to the forest 197 Health 198 Medical personnel 199 Cash 200 Fear of the forest 201 Why stay? 202 Beyond cash 203 Crop-raiding 204 Why grow 'at-risk' crops? 206 Baboons 206 Chimpanzees and humans 207 11. The Kasokwa Forest chimpanzees: a breakdown of trust 212 Tool-use by Kasokwa chimpanzees 214 Chimpanzee-human conflict 215 Further cases of trapping 216 More attacks by chimpanzees 218 Can a solution be found? 219 The role of research 221 12.The future of Budongo's chimpanzees and of the chimpanzees of Uganda as a whole 223 The modern setting 223 Management Plan for Budongo Forest Reserve 226 PHVA 228 Conservation education 231 Census of chimpanzees in Uganda 233 Hunting and pitsawing 234 Solutions 234 Buffer zones 235 Tree corridors 238 Who is responsible for chimpanzee protection? 239 Action Plan 240 Appendices 243 A The Sonso chimpanzee community 243 B Sonso chimpanzees: plant food species 245 C Genetics of the Sonso community 248 D Report of (a) necropsy on Ruda and (b) outbreak of respiratory disease 253 E Other primate species of the Budongo Forest 258 F The Budongo Forest Project 263 References 271 Index 291
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Chimpanzees -- Uganda -- Budongo Forest.