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Contents Preface Part I. Immediate Issues 1. By the Ocean of Time Time The Argument We Are Caught In Time and Drama Slow vs. Swift 2. The Heavy as Opposed to . . . The Heavy vs. the Exhilarating Freud, Civilization, and the Heavy The Descent into the Heavy 3. Moral Substance and Ambiguity Morality and Screenplays? Typing and Volition in . . . The Heavy and Moral . . . But What Are We Morally Ambiguous About? 4. Complexity vs. Fullness Belief vs. Disbelief: Complexity Fullness Typing, Volition, and Fullness Endings A Diagram Part II. The Cooked and the Raw 5. The Cooked and the Raw Cooked Emotion The Raw Blending the Cooked and the Raw Antecedents 6. The Smart and the Dumb Flat and Round Hamlet and the Dumb John Nash and the Smart Plot-Handling Implications Part III. The Lost Poetics of Comedy 7. The Lost Poetics of Comedy The Comic Universe Winnicott and Play Some Diagrams The Two Roads The Bones of the Comic Angle of Vision The Cooked and Comedy The New Beginning in Comedy Another Diagram The Smart and Dumb in Comedy Part IV. The Nature of Dramatic Action 8. The Weight of the Past What Is the Past? High Noon Lantana Wild Strawberries Lifting Weights 9. The Weight of the Wrong Decision The Wrong Decision in the Past The Wrong Decision in the Present True Heroines and Heroes and False 10. The Nature of the Hero's Journey Campbell's Hero The Dramatic Hero 1. Arresting Life 2. Complying with the False 3. Awakening 4. Confused Growth--and the Pursuit of Error 5. Failure of the False Solution 6. The Discovery of the True Solution 7. The Heroic Deed 8. Suffering 9. The New Life Part V. The Death and Life of Drama 11. The Death and Life of Drama Prometheus in Athens, Gladiator in Rome Shakespeare in Elizabeth's London The Argument We Are Having with Ourselves Appendix: A Case Study Ingmar Bergman's Fanny and Alexander Notes Film and Drama List Index Preface Often I ask screenwriters, Why not abolish the entire film and dramatic enterprise which consumes billions of dollars a year and endless hours, to say nothing of the money involved in related industries, and use all that money, time, and effort for the elimination of poverty, say, in Africa? Or Appalachia? Why not take all that money and invest it in the elimination of a particular killer disease? Wouldn't that be morally better and a far more humane activity than writing another screenplay or producing another film? Wouldn't relieving the suffering of one child be reason enough to abolish an industry whose only widely accepted function is entertainment? To their credit a few writers in a given discussion group vote to do just that. Most do not, although even the arguments offered after we get past easy and cynical responses are unconvincing. One response that emerges repeatedly is that abolishing the film and entertainment industry for these purposes wouldn't work: creating drama and all that entails by way of production and dissemination would start again from the ground up. There is something necessary about this creative activity, hard as it may be to put that necessity into words. The nature of that necessity certainly cannot be found by writing another screenwriting manual or reviewing the literature within the field. Drama, which includes the continual creation of new dramas, occupies so pervasive a position in our culture and one so caught up within the argument modern culture is having with itself that to understand its role demands perspectives that go beyond those discussed within the field into broader cultural, psychological, and philosophical areas. This is also true for understanding what we must do when we believe we are caught up in purely technical writing problems, for a continuous theme here is how dramatic structure roots in psychic structure. These reflections led me to adopt the more personal essay style. This does not imply these are essays of aesthetics or criticism. I hope writers will get as much real use out of these essays as any more traditionally specialized text, for the goal is to give them a better understanding of what the various technical tools they use are for. Much of what is offered here has grown from reflection based on long experience as a writer and teacher, although any necessary documentation is given in the notes. I use the term "drama" broadly, applying drama equally to stage and film. And like the ancient Greeks, I include comedy within drama as one of its two great divisions in treating human nature and experience. Tragedy may have its suffering mask, comedy its laughing, but if we look at traditional renderings we can find ourselves struggling to distinguish between the pain in either mask, just as in life it can be hard to tell tears of joy from tears of grief. Yet both are part of the great river of drama on which we so strongly float in the present. Including screenwriting as "drama" seems obvious on the face of it, although I suppose some don't realize writing drama for the stage or film is the same, allowing for the adjustments caused by using the different production mediums of stage or film. A production medium makes for a variety in the art of drama but is not drama itself, not the exploration of the human spirit through the guise of dramatic action. Beyond this, the dramatic impulse has moved powerfully to film in the last sixty years. If we reach for an illustrative dramatic example for some point we are making, we are far more likely to do so from a film than stage drama, including filmed versions of notable dramas such as the multitude of filmed versions of Shakespeare. Even in England the example reached for is far more likely now to stem from a filmed version of Shakespeare than ever before, while arguments continue over whether Olivier got Henry V right in Henry V or Branagh, in their film versions, or whether Olivier or Branagh got Hamlet right in their film versions. I will think of this book as a success if the reflections offered here, however sure or tentative, spark further reflection and help some writer give a screenplay that extra dimension that ensures success and meaningfulness. The Death and Life of Drama Part I Immediate Issues
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Motion picture authorship.
Playwriting.