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Contents volume 1: Phonology Abbreviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider General References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The British Isles Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton (eds.) Introduction: Varieties of English in the British Isles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton English spoken in Orkney and Shetland: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Gunnel Melchers Scottish English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Jane Stuart-Smith Irish English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Raymond Hickey Welsh English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Robert Penhallurick English dialects in the North of England: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Joan Beal The English West Midlands: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Urszula Clark The dialect of East Anglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Peter Trudgill The dialects in the South of England: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Ulrike Altendorf and Dominic Watt Channel Island English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Heinrich Ramisch Received Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Clive Upton British Creole: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Peter L. Patrick vi Contents The Americas and the Caribbean Edgar W. Schneider (ed.) Introduction: Varieties of English in the Americas and the Caribbean . . . . . 247 Edgar W. Schneider Standard American English pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 William A. Kretzschmar, Jr. New England: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Naomi Nagy and Julie Roberts New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology . . . . . . . . . . 282 Matthew J. Gordon Rural Southern white accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Erik R. Thomas The urban South: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Jan Tillery and Guy Bailey The West and Midwest: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Matthew J. Gordon English in Canada: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Charles Boberg Newfoundland English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Sandra Clarke African American Vernacular English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Walter F. Edwards Gullah: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Tracey L. Weldon Cajun Vernacular English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Sylvie Dubois and Barbara M. Horvath Chicano English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Otto Santa Ana and Robert Bayley Bahamian English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Becky Childs and Walt Wolfram Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Hubert Devonish and Otelemate G. Harry Eastern Caribbean English-derived language varieties: phonology . . . . . . 481 Michael Aceto Contents vii Bajan: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Renée Blake The creoles of Trinidad and Tobago: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Valerie Youssef and Winford James Suriname creoles: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Norval Smith and Vinije Haabo The Paci?c and Australasia Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann (eds.) Introduction: Varieties of English in the Paci?c and Australasia . . . . . . . . . 567 Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann New Zealand English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Laurie Bauer and Paul Warren Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Elizabeth Gordon and Margaret Maclagan Maori English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 Paul Warren and Laurie Bauer Australian English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Barbara M. Horvath Regional characteristics of Australian English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 David Bradley Australian creoles and Aboriginal English: phonetics and phonology . . . . . 656 Ian G. Malcolm Bislama: phonetics and phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Terry Crowley Solomon Islands Pijin: phonetics and phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 Christine Jourdan and Rachel Selbach Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 Geoff P. Smith Hawai'i Creole: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 Kent Sakoda and Jeff Siegel Fiji English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Jan Tent and France Mugler Norfolk Island-Pitcairn English: phonetics and phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 John Ingram and Peter Mühlhäusler viii Contents Africa, South and Southeast Asia Rajend Mesthrie (ed.) Introduction: Varieties of English in Africa and South and Southeast Asia . 805 Rajend Mesthrie Nigerian English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 Ulrike B. Gut Nigerian Pidgin English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Ben Elugbe Ghanaian English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 Magnus Huber Ghanaian Pidgin English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 Magnus Huber Liberian Settler English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 John Victor Singler Cameroon English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 Augustin Simo Bobda Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902 Thaddeus Menang East African English (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania): phonology . . . . . . . . . . . 918 Josef Schmied White South African English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 Sean Bowerman Black South African English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 Bertus van Rooy Indian South African English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 Rajend Mesthrie Cape Flats English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 Peter Finn St. Helena English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985 Sheila Wilson Indian English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 Ravinder Gargesh Pakistani English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003 Ahmar Mahboob and Nadra Huma Ahmar Contents ix Singapore English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017 Lionel Wee Malaysian English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034 Loga Baskaran Philippine English: phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047 Ma. Lourdes G. Tayao Synopses The editors Synopsis: Phonological variation in the British Isles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063 Clive Upton Synopsis: Phonological variation in the Americas and the Caribbean . . . . . 1075 Edgar W. Schneider Synopsis: Phonetics and phonology of English spoken in the Paci?c and Australasian region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089 Kate Burridge Synopsis: The phonology of English in Africa and South and Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099 Rajend Mesthrie Global Synopsis: Phonetic and phonological variation in English world-wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111 Edgar W. Schneider Index of subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139 Index of varieties and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contents volume 2: Morphology and Syntax Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider General References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The British Isles Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton (eds.) Introduction - Varieties of English in the British Isles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton English spoken in Orkney and Shetland: morphology, syntax and lexicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Gunnel Melchers Scottish English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Jim Miller Irish English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Markku Filppula Welsh English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Robert Penhallurick English dialects in the North of England: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . 114 Joan Beal The dialect of East Anglia: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Peter Trudgill English dialects in the Southwest: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Susanne Wagner The varieties of English spoken in the Southeast of England . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Liselotte Anderwald British Creole: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Mark Sebba The Americas and the Caribbean Edgar W. Schneider (ed.) Introduction - Varieties of English in the Americas and the Caribbean . . . 211 Edgar W. Schneider vi Contents Colloquial American English: grammatical features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Thomas E. Murray and Beth Lee Simon Appalachian English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Michael B. Montgomery Rural and ethnic varieties in the Southeast: morphology and syntax . . . . . 281 Walt Wolfram Newfoundland English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Sandra Clarke Urban African American Vernacular English: morphology and syntax . . . . 319 Walt Wolfram Earlier African and American English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . 341 Alexander Kautzsch Gullah: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Salikoko S. Mufwene Chicano English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Robert Bayley and Otto Santa Ana Bahamian English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Jeffrey Reaser and Benjamin Torbert Jamaican Creole: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Peter L. Patrick Eastern Caribbean English-derived language varieties: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Michael Aceto The creoles of Trinidad and Tobago: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Winford James and Valerie Youssef Surinamese creoles: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Donald Winford and Bettina Migge Belize and other central American varieties: morphology and syntax . . . . 517 Geneviève Escure The Paci?c and Australasia Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann (eds.) Introduction - Varieties of English in the Paci?c and Australasia . . . . . . . . 547 Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann Contents vii New Zealand English: morphosyntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 Marianne Hundt, Jennifer Hay and Elizabeth Gordon Australian English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 Peter Collins and Pam Peters Australian Vernacular English: some grammatical characteristics . . . . . . . . 611 Andrew Pawley Hypocoristics in Australian English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Jane Simpson Australian creoles and Aboriginal English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . 657 Ian G. Malcolm Bislama: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 Terry Crowley Solomon Islands English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 Christine Jourdan Tok Pisin: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 Geoff Smith Hawai'i Creole: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Kent Sakoda and Jeff Siegel Fiji English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 France Mugler and Jan Tent Norfolk Island-Pitcairn English (Pitkern Norfolk): morphology and syntax 789 Peter Mühlhäusler Africa, South and Southeast Asia Rajend Mesthrie (ed.) Introduction - Varieties of English in Africa and South and Southeast Asia 805 Rajend Mesthrie Nigerian English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 M.A. Alo and Rajend Mesthrie Nigerian Pidgin English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 Nicholas Faraclas Ghanaian English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 Magnus Huber and Kari Dako Ghanaian Pidgin English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 Magnus Huber viii Contents Liberian Settler English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 John Victor Singler Cameroon English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 Paul Mbangwana Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . 909 Miriam Ayafor East African English (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania): morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 Josef Schmied White South African English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948 Sean Bowerman Black South African English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962 Rajend Mesthrie Indian South African English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 Rajend Mesthrie Cape Flats English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 Kay McCormick St. Helena English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006 Sheila Wilson and Rajend Mesthrie Indian English: syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016 Rakesh M. Bhatt Butler English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031 Priya Hosali Pakistani English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 Ahmar Mahboob Singapore English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058 Lionel Wee Malaysian English: morphology and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073 Loga Baskaran Synopses The editors Synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in the British Isles . . . . . . 1089 Bernd Kortmann Contents ix Synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in the Americas and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104 Edgar W. Schneider Synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in the Paci?c and Australasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116 Kate Burridge Synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in Africa and South and Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1132 Rajend Mesthrie Global Synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in English . . . . . . 1142 Bernd Kortmann and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi Index of subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203 Index of varieties and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
English language -- Variation -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
English language -- Dialects -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.