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Table of Contents Acknowledgements Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to Educational Research * Chapter Objectives * Educational Research Today * Educational Research Using the Scientific Method * Philosophical Frameworks for Educational Research Scientific Realism Social Constructivism Advocacy/Liberatory Pracgmatism * Types of Approaches Used in Educational Research Basic vs. Applied Research Approaches Quantitative Approaches Descriptive Survey Experimental Research Causal Comparative Research Correlational Research Meta-Analysis Qualitative Approaches Case Study Ethnography Grounded Theory Phenomenology * Research Approaches Using Qualitative and/or Quantitative Approaches Mixed Method Research Action Research Program Evaluation * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 2 Identifying and Researching a Topic * Chapter Objectives * Getting Started Developing Ideas for Research Studies: Possible Topics Experience Theory Replication From Topics to Questions Developing a More Focused Research Question * Conducting a Search of the Literature Type of Sources Finding Sources Locating a Review of Literature on a Topic Database Searching Identifying Types of Articles Using a Database Abstract Following Citations People as Sources Websites - Searching the Internet for Scholarly Sources Summarizing Information from Articles When do I Have Enough? * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 3 The Research Proposal * Chapter Objectives * Preparing a Research Proposal Why Write a Research Proposal? Anatomy of a Research Proposal The Title Page The Introduction Statement of Purpose Writing Tips Review of Literature Statement of the Hypothesis or Foreshadowed Questions Research Hypothesis or Operational Definitions Broad Research Question and Foreshadowed Questions Writing Tips Method Participants Instruments/Methods of Data Collection Design Procedure Writing Tips Benefits and Limitations References * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 4 Measurement in Educational Research and Assessment: Pre-Established Instruments and Archival Data * Chapter Objectives * Pre-Established Instruments Norm-Referenced Criterion-Referenced Self-Referenced * Types of Pre-Established Measures Achievement Tests Test Battery Aptitude Tests Personality Tests Attitude or Interest Scales Archival Data * Scales of Measurement Nominal Scale Ordinal Scale Interval Scale Ratio Scale * Summarizing Data Using Descriptive Statistics Frequency Distributions What is a Typical or Average Score? Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variability Range Standard Deviation Types of Scores Used to Compare Performance on Educational Measures Raw Scores Percentile Ranks Standard Scores Stanines Percentages Use of Correlational Coefficients in Evaluating Measures * Evaluating the Quality of Educational Measures: Reliability and Validity Reliability Stability/Test-Retest (Consistency Across Time) Equivalent-Form Reliability (Consistency Across Different Forms) Internal Reliability (Consistency within the Instrument) Validity Content Validity Criterion-Related Validity Construct Validity Finding Pre-Established Measures Criteria for Selecting Pre-Established Instruments Reliability and Validity in Archival Data * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 5 Self Developed Measures and Qualitative Measurement * Chapter Objectives * Self Developed Instruments * Developing Scales for Use in Surveys Likert Scales Semantic Differential Scales Establishing Reliability and Validity for Surveys * Developing Observational Checklists Reliability and validity for Observational Checklists * Developing Measurement Tools for Action Research Checklists and Rating Scales Grading Rubrics Journals Records and Documents Maps, Photographs, and Artifacts Evaluating the Quality of Measures Used in Action Research * Developing Measurement Procedures and Tools for Qualitative Studies Observational Protocols Interview Protocols * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 6 Working with Participants: Sampling and Ethics * Chapter Objectives * Selecting Participants Sampling in Qualitative Research Sampling in Quantitative Research Types of Random Sampling Simple Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Random Sampling Non-Random Samples Sample Size and Survey Response Rates * Ethical Issues and Participants Ethics in Qualitative Research Informed Consent Protection From Harm Confidentiality Ethics in Quantitative Research Protection from Harm Informed Consents Confidentiality * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 7 Descriptive-Survey Research * Chapter Objectives * Research Vignette * Characteristics of Descriptive-Survey Research Writing and Initial Research Question Writing Sub-Questions * Steps for Descriptive-Survey Research Steps in Conducting Descriptive Survey Research * Types of Surveys Designs that Follow the Same Sample Over Time Annual Panel Survey Study Follow-Up Survey Study Longitudnal Survey Study Designs that Select Different Samples Over Time Trend Survey Study Cohort Survey Study * Other Types of Descriptive Research * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 8 Experimental Research * Chapter Objectives * Research Vignette * Understanding Experimental Research * Steps in Planning and/or Conducting Experimental Research * Threats to Experimental Validity Threats to Internal Validity Threats to External Validity * Single Subject Research Types of Single Subject Research A-B-A and A-B-A-B Designs Multiple Baselines The Four Commandments of Single Subject Research External and Internal Validity * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 9 Non-Experimental Approaches: Causal Comparative and Correlational Research * Chapter Objectives * Research Vignette * Causal Comparative Research Steps in Causal Comparative Research * Correlational Research Differences between Causal Comparative Research and Correlational Research Displaying Correlational Relationships Relationship Studies Prediction Studies Steps in Conducting Correlational Research Evaluating Correlational Research Sampling Issues Reliability and Validity of Measurement Statistical and Practical Importance Careful Selection of Variables Correlation and Causation * Multivariate Correlational Statistics Multiple Regression * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 10 Analyzing Quantitative Data * Chapter Objectives * Initial Examination of Quantitative Data Interpreting Graphs Interpreting Measures of Central Tendency and Variability * Beyond Descriptive Statistics * Underlying Concepts Sampling Error Critical Concepts: The Null Hypothesis, Statistical Significance and Error * Analyzing Data Using Inferential Tests Designs with more than one Independent or Dependent Variable Factorial Designs * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 11 Qualitative Research * Chapter Objectives * Research Vignettes * Understanding Qualitative Research * Steps in Conducting Qualitative Research * Types of Qualitative Research Ethnography Sample Ethnogrpahic Studies Case Study Research Sample Case Studies Phenomenology Sample Phenomenological Studies Grounded Theory * Qualitative Data Collection Procedures The Use of Observation Degrees of Researcher Participation Key Features of Careful Observation Conducting and R Recording Observations The Use of Interviews Group versus Individual Interviews Types of Interviews Conducting a Good Interview The Use of Documents and Artifacts * Evaluating Qualitative Research Credibility Dependability Transferability Promoting Action and Collaboration * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 12 Mixed and Action Research * Chapter Objectives * Research Vignette * Mixed Method Research Barriers to Mixed Method Research Characteristics of Mixed Method Research Mixed Method Designs Steps in Conducting Mixed Method Studies Evaluating Mixed Methods Studies * Action Research Characteristics of Action Research Steps in Conducted Action Research Types of Action Research Evaluating Action Research * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 13 Data Analysis and Evaluation of Qualitative Research * Chapter Objectives * Research Vignette * Overview of Qualitative Data Analysis Preparation and Organization Initial Review and Exploration of the Data Coding of Data into Categories Constructing Descriptions of People, Places, and Activities Building Themes and Hypotheses Reporting and Interpretation of Data * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 14 Program Evaluation in Education * Chapter Objectives * Research Vignette * What is Program Evaluation? What is a Program? Accessing the Setting and Participants Collecting and Using the Data Changing Practice Reporting Findings and Recommendations Formative and Summative Evaluation Training in Program Evaluation Internal and External Evaluators Types and Models of Program Evaluation * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings Chapter 15 Educational Research can make a Difference * Chapter Objectives * Researchers Working at Colleges and Universities Diana Baumrind Myra and David Sadkar Paulo Friere John Uzo Ogbu Robert E. Slavin * Researchers Working in Schools and Community Organizations Maria Smith, Director of Pre-K Child Care Center Inge Miller, Director of Support Services Joe Zapoli, Sports Trainers for College Athletics Tracy Sullivan, Middle School Home Economics Teacher Marty Owens, Middle School Math Teacher * Chapter Summary * Key Concepts * Discussion Questions/Activities * Suggested Readings References Appendices Sample Proposal Qualitative Sample Proposal Quantitative Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Education -- Research -- Methodology.