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Contents Preface xiii To the Reader xv About the Authors xvi PART ONE Ideology and Democracy 1 Chapter 1 Ideology and Ideologies 3 A Working Definition of "Ideology" 5 Human Nature and Freedom 9 Human Nature 10 Freedom 10 Ideology and Revolution 13 Nationalism and Anarchism 14 Nationalism 14 Anarchism 16 Conclusion 17 Notes 17 For Further Reading 17 Chapter 2 The Democratic Ideal 19 The Origins of Democracy 20 Democracy and Republic 24 The Republic and Mixed Government 24 Christianity and Democracy 25 Renaissance and Republicanism 27 The Atlantic Republican Tradition 30 The Return of Democracy 30 Seventeenth-Century Democrats 31 The United States as Democratic Republic 32 De Tocqueville on Democracy 34 The Growth of Democracy 36 Democracy as an Ideal 37 Three Conceptions of Democracy 39 Conclusion 40 Notes 41 For Further Reading 41 PART TWO The Development of Political Ideologies 43 Chapter 3 Liberalism 45 Liberalism, Human Nature, and Freedom 46 Historical Background 47 Medieval Origins 47 The Protestant Reformation 50 Liberalism and Revolution 52 England 52 The American Revolution 57 The French Revolution 59 Liberalism and Capitalism 62 Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century 66 Utilitarianism 67 Liberalism Divided 70 Neoclassical Liberalism 71 Welfare Liberalism 72 Liberalism in the Twentieth Century 74 Historical Developments 74 Philosophical Considerations 76 Libertarian Anarchism 78 Liberalism Today 78 Conclusion 81 Liberalism as an Ideology 81 Liberalism and the Democratic Ideal 83 Notes 85 For Further Reading 84 Chapter 4 Conservatism 87 The Politics of Imperfection 88 The Conservatism of Edmund Burke 89 Human Nature and Society 90 Freedom 91 Revolution and Reform 92 Burke on Government 93 Burke's Legacy 95 Conservatism in the Nineteenth Century 96 Conservatism and Reaction 96 Cultural Conservatism 98 Tory Democracy 98 Conservatism in the United States 99 Conservatism in the Twentieth Century 101 Conservatism Versus Mass Society 101 Levelling 103 Conservatives and Communism 104 Conservatism Today: A House Divided 105 Traditional Conservatism 106 Individualist Conservatism 106 Neoconservatism 107 The Religious Right 109 Conclusion 110 Conservatism as an Ideology 111 Conservatism and Democracy 111 Notes 112 For Further Reading 112 Chapter 5 Socialism and Communism: More to Marx 115 Human Nature and Freedom 116 Socialism: The Precursors 117 Saint-Simon 119 Fourier 120 Owen 121 The Socialism of Karl Marx 122 The Young Marx 122 The Influence of Hegel 124 Marx's Theory of History 126 Marx's Critique of Capitalism 129 The Dialectic of Change 133 The Revolutionary Sequence 134 Notes 138 Further Reading 137 Chapter 6 Socialism and Communism After Marx 141 Marxism After Marx 142 Engels's Marxism 142 The Revisionists 146 Soviet Marxism-Leninism 149 Chinese Communism 158 Non-Marxist Socialism 162 Anarcho-Communism 162 Fabian Socialism 164 American Socialism 165 Socialism Today 167 Conclusion 171 Socialism as an Ideology 171 Socialism and the Democratic Ideal 172 Notes 173 For Further Reading 173 Chapter 7 Fascism 177 Fascism: The Background 178 The Counter-Enlightenment 179 Nationalism 180 Elitism 182 Irrationalism 183 Fascism in Italy 184 Mussolini and Italian Fascism 185 Fascism in Theory and Practice 187 Fascism in Germany: Nazism 189 Hitler and Nazism 189 Nazism in Theory and Practice 192 Fascism Elsewhere 196 Fascism Today 198 Conclusion 201 Fascism as an Ideology 201 Fascism and the Democratic Ideal 202 Notes 203 For Further Reading 202 PART THREE Political Ideologies Today and Tomorrow 205 Chapter 8 Liberation Ideologies and the Politics of Identity 207 Liberation Ideologies: Common Characteristics 207 Black Liberation 209 Women's Liberation (Feminism) 213 Gay Liberation 217 Native People's Liberation (Indigenism) 220 Liberation Theology 223 Animal Liberation 225 Conclusion 229 Liberty, Identity, and Ideology 229 Liberation, Identity and the Democratic Ideal 230 Notes 233 For Further Reading 231 Chapter 9 "Green" Politics: Ecology as Ideology 237 The Green Critique of Other Ideologies 238 Toward an Ecological Ethic 240 Unresolved Differences 244 Conclusion 249 Ecology as Ideology 249 Ecology, Freedom, and the Democratic Ideal 250 Notes 251 For Further Reading 250 Chapter 10 Islam and Radical Islam Islam: A Short History Radical Islam Conclusion Radical Islam as an Ideology Radical Islam and the Democratic Ideal Chapter 11 Postscript: The Future of Ideology 253 Political Ideologies: Continuing Forces 254 Nationalism and Ideology 255 Religion and Ideology 256 Ideology, the Environment, and Globalization 259 Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal 260 The End of Ideology? 262 Notes 265 Glossary 267 Photo Acknowledgments 275 Name Index 277 Subject Index 279
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Political science -- History.
Democracy -- History.
Right and left (Political science) -- History.
Ideology -- History.