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CONTENTS Acknowledgments viii Introduction ix SECTION 1. Setting the Foundation-Science in Antiquity Through the First Century BCE 1 Introduction 1 Measuring Time in the Ancient World 10 Discovering the Scientific Advances of the Ancient World 17 Conclusion 64 SECTION 2. Expanding Knowledge: First Century CE-12th Century CE 66 Introduction 66 The Alchemists 78 The Origin of Modern Numbers 109 Conclusion 113 SECTION 3. Science in the Renaissance: (1300-1632) 115 Introduction 115 Developing the Tools and Methods of Modern Science 123 Astronomy in the Renaissance 133 Conclusion 155 SECTION 4. Building the Base of Modern Science: (1636-1759) 157 Introduction 157 Physics and Mathematics 173 The Microscope and Biology 183 Conclusion 212 SECTION 5. Science in the Age of Revolutions: (1760-1850) 213 Introduction 213 Discovering the Elements 219 Theories of Geological Change 240 Conclusion 297 SECTION 6. Science Expands as the World Grows Smaller: (1851-1899) 298 Introduction 298 Theories of Evolution 309 Finding the Microorganisms that Cause Disease 337 Conclusion 374 SECTION 7. New Theories and Old: 1900-1945 375 Introduction 375 Awarding Science 384 The Beginnings of Quantum Mechanics 441 Conclusion 499 SECTION 8. Science in the Post-Atomic World: 1976-1979 500 Introduction 500 Science of DNA 530 Exploring Space 595 Conclusion 627 SECTION 9. The Expansion of Science in the Information Age: 1980-2004 629 Introduction 629 Climate Change 643 Computers and Science 659 Conclusion 677 APPENDIXES Appendix 1: Units and Measurements 679 Fundamental Units 679 Comparisons among Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit 684 Useful Measures of Distance 685 Definitions for Electricity and Magnetism 693 Prefixes 694 Appendix 2: Periodic Table of the Elements 698 Glossary 700 Further Reading 717 Selected Works Discussed in Entries 727 Selected Internet Resources 743 Societies and Associations 755 Index 759
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Science -- Chronology.
Science -- History.
Scientists -- Biography.