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Contents Preface E1 ix Acknowledgments E1 x Directions to the Learner E1 xi Instructional Elements of the Text E1 xii How to Use the Learning Program E1 xiv Refresher Math Pretest E1 xvi SECTION ONE Refresher Math E1 1 Relative Value, Addition, and Subtraction of Decimals E1 3 Relative Value of Decimals E1 3 Addition and Subtraction of Decimals E1 7 Summary E1 8 Summary Self-Test E1 8 Multiplication and Division of Decimals E1 11 Multiplication of Decimals E1 11 Division of Decimal Fractions E1 13 Elimination of Decimal Points E1 13 Reduction of Fractions E1 14 Reduction of Numbers Ending in Zero E1 16 Calculator Use for Final Division E1 17 Expressing to the Nearest Tenth E1 17 Expressing to the Nearest Hundredth E1 18 Summary E1 19 Summary Self-Test E1 20 Solving Common Fraction Equations E1 22 Whole Number Equations E1 22 Decimal Fraction Equations E1 25 Multiple Number Equations E1 28 Summary E1 31 Summary Self-Test E1 31 TWO Introduction to Drug Measures E1 35 Metric, International (SI) System E1 37 Basic Units of the Metric/SI System E1 37 Metric/SI Prefixes E1 38 Metric/SI Symbols E1 38 Metric/SI Notation Rules E1 40 Conversion Between Metric/SI Units E1 41 Common Errors in Metric/SI Dosages E1 43 Summary E1 44 Summary Self-Test E1 45 Additional Drug Measures: Unit, Percentage, Milliequivalent, Ratio, Apothecary, Household E1 47 International Units (U) E1 47 Percentage (%) Measures E1 48 Milliequivalent (mEq) Measures E1 48 Ratio Measures E1 49 Apothecary and Household Measures E1 50 Summary E1 50 Summary Self-Test E1 51 SECTION THREE Reading Medication Labels and Syringe Calibrations E1 53 Reading Oral Medication Labels E1 55 Tablet and Capsule Labels E1 56 Tablet/Capsule Dosage Calculation E1 59 Oral Solution Labels E1 64 Measurement of Oral Solutions E1 66 Summary E1 66 Summary Self-Test E1 67 Hypodermic Syringe Measurement E1 74 Standard 3 mL Syringe E1 74 Safety Syringes E1 78 Tuberculin (TB) Syringe E1 80 5, 6, 10, and 12 mL Syringes E1 82 20 mL and Larger Syringes E1 85 Summary E1 87 Summary Self-Test E1 87 Reading Parenteral Medication Labels E1 91 Reading Metric/SI Solution Labels E1 92 Percent (%) and Ratio Solution Labels E1 93 Solutions Measured in International Units E1 95 Solutions Measured as Milliequivalents (mEq) E1 96 Summary E1 97 Summary Self-Test E1 98 Reconstitution of Powdered Drugs E1 109 Reconstitution of a Single Strength Solution E1 109 Reconstitution of Multiple Strength Solutions E1 112 Reconstitution from Package Insert Directions E1 114 Summary E1 115 Summary Self-Test E1 116 Measuring Insulin Dosages E1 122 Types of Insulin E1 122 100 unit/mL Insulin and Syringes E1 125 Lo-Dose Syringes E1 125 100 Unit Capacity Syringes E1 127 Combining Insulin Dosages E1 129 Summary E1 131 Summary Self-Test E1 131 SECTION FOUR Dosage Calculation Using Dimensional Analysis E1 137 Dosage Calculation Using Dimensional Analysis E1 139 The Basic DA Equation E1 139 Equations Requiring Metric Conversions E1 145 Summary E1 148 Summary Self Test E1 148 SECTION FIVE Dosage Calculation from Body Weight and Body Surface Area E1 165 Adult and Pediatric Dosages Based on Body Weight E1 167 Converting lb to kg E1 167 Converting kg to lb E1 168 Calculating Dosages from Drug Label Information E1 169 Calculating Dosages from Drug Literature E1 172 Summary E1 176 Summary Self-Test E1 176 Adult and Pediatric Dosages Based on Body Surface Area E1 182 Calculating BSA from kg and cm E1 182 Calculating BSA from lb and in E1 184 Dosage Calculation Based on BSA E1 185 Assessing Orders Based on BSA E1 185 Summary E1 187 Summary Self-Test E1 188 SECTION SIX Intravenous Calculations E1 193 Introduction to IV Therapy E1 195 Primary Line E1 195 Secondary Line E1 197 Volume-Controlled Burettes E1 200 Indwelling Infusion Ports/Intermittent Locks E1 200 Volumetric Pumps E1 201 Syringe Pumps E1 203 Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Devices E1 204 Introduction to IV Fluids E1 205 Percentages in IV Fluids E1 206 Parenteral Nutrition E1 206 Summary E1 206 Summary Self-Test E1 207 IV Flow Rate Calculation E1 209 IV Tubing Calibration E1 209 Calculation of gtt/min Rates E1 210 Small Volume gtt/min Calculations E1 213 Division Factor Method of Calculation E1 215 Regulating Flow Rate E1 218 Summary E1 219 Summary Self-Test E1 220 Calculating IV Infusion and Completion Times E1 222 Calculating from Volume and Hourly Rate Ordered E1 222 Calculating Infusion Time from gtt/min Rate and Set Calibration E1 224 Calculating Small-Volume Infusion Times of Less Than 1 hr E1 228 Determining Infusion Completion Time E1 230 Labeling Solution Bags with Infusion and Completion Times E1 232 Summary E1 236 Summary Self-Test E1 236 IV Medication and Titration Calculations E1 244 Calculating mL/hr Rate from Dosage Ordered E1 245 Calculating mL/hr Rate from Dosage per kg Ordered E1 247 Calculating Dosage Infusing from Flow Rate E1 253 Titration of Infusions E1 254 Summary E1 258 Summary Self-Test E1 259 Heparin Intravenous Calculations E1 262 Reading Heparin Labels and Preparing IV Solutions E1 262 Calculating mL/hr Flow Rate from units/hr Ordered E1 265 Calculating units/hr Infusing from mL/hr Infusing E1 266 Summary E1 268 Summary Self-Test E1 268 SECTION SEVEN Pediatric Medication Calculations E1 271 Pediatric Oral and Parenteral Medications E1 273 Oral Medications E1 273 IM and Subcutaneous Medications E1 275 Summary E1 276 Summary Self-Test E1 276 Pediatric Intravenous Medications E1 279 Methods of IV Medication Administration E1 279 Medication Administration via Burette E1 280 Comparing IV Dosages Ordered with Average Dosages E1 284 Summary E1 287 Summary Self-Test E1 287 Illustration Credits E1 291 Index E1 293
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Pharmaceutical arithmetic.
Dimensional analysis.