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@CT:Contents Tables, Figures, and Maps Preface Acknowledgments An Overview of International Conflict 1 The Nature of International Conflict 3 Understanding International Conflict Management 13 International Organizations and Regional Conflicts 34 Regional Conflicts 49 @H1:Africa: 1.11.97 List of Conflicts Countries in Africa Region Regional Overview Overview of Conflict Conflict Management 1.1 Madagascar<en>France: Nationalist Rebellion</B> MarchAugust 1947 1.2 Eritrea<en>Ethiopia: Eritrean Nationalism and Agitation for Independence</B> July 1949December 1950 1.3 Tunisia: Tunisian Independence and African Nationalism</B> January 1952March 1956 1.4 Kenya<en>United Kingdom: Anticolonial Tribal Uprising and Mau Mau Revolt</B> August 1952December 1963 1.5 Algeria: The Fight for Independence</B> November 1954March 1962 1.6 Morocco<en>Spain: Postindependence Autonomy and the Sahara Conflict</B> November 1957April 1958 1.7 France<en>Tunisia: Postindependence Autonomy and Military Bases Conflict</B> FebruaryMay 1958 1.8 France<en>Tunisia: French-Algerian Border Incidents</B> FebruaryAugust 1959 1.9 Mauritania<en>Mali: Hodh Region Conflict</B> Mid-1960February 1963 1.10 Congo (Zaire): Secession, Anarchy, Civil War, and the Belgian Congo Crisis</B> July 1960Mid-1964 1.11 The African Territories<en>Portugal: African Nationalism and Independence Struggle</B> 1961July 1975 1.12 Tunisia<en>France: Postindependence Autonomy Dispute in Bizerte</B> JulySeptember 1961 1.13 Somalia<en>Kenya/Ethiopia: Somali Expansionism and Separatist Insurgency</B> November 1962September 1967 1.14 Sudan: Southern Separatism, Anya-Nya Terrorism, and the First Sudan Civil War</B> September 1963March 1972 1.15 Morocco<en>Algeria: Territorial Dispute and the Tindouf War</B> October 1963February 1964 1.16 Niger<en>Dahomey (Benin): Lete Island Dispute</B> December 1963June 1965 1.17 Somalia<en>Ethiopia: Somali Expansionism, Separatist Guerrilla Fighting, and the First Ogaden War</B> JanuaryMarch 1964 1.18 Rwanda<en>Burundi: Postindependence Ethnic Violence Between the Hutu and Tutsi</B> January 1964January 1965 1.19 France<en>Gabon: Military Putsch, French Military Intervention, and Aubame's Coup</B> February 1964 1.20 Ghana<en>Upper Volta: Ghanaian Border Dispute</B> June 1964June 1966 1.21 Eritrea<en>Ethiopia: Eritrean Nationalism and War of Secession</B> 1965May 1993 1.22 Ghana<en>Togo: Ghanaian Expansionism and Border Incidents</B> JanuaryMay 1965 1.23 Uganda<en>Congo (Zaire): Rebel Activity and Border Incidents</B> FebruaryMarch 1965 1.24 Chad<en>Sudan: Internal Strife, Sudanese Intervention, and First Chad Civil War</B> November 19651972 1.25 Namibia: Violent Insurrection, War, and Independence Struggle</B> 1966March 1990 1.26 Ivory Coast<en>Guinea: Coup Plot</B> MarchApril 1966 1.27 Ghana<en>Guinea: Nkrumah's Ouster and Postcoup Tensions</B> OctoberNovember 1966 1.28 Rhodesia: African Nationalism, Guerrilla Warfare, and Zimbabwe's Struggle for Independence </B> 1967January 1980 1.29 Guinea<en>Ivory Coast: Regional Rivalry and Hostage Crisis</B> FebruarySeptember 1967 1.30 Nigeria<en>Biafra: Ethnic and Regional Rivalries, Secession Attempt, and the Biafran Civil War</B> July 1967January 1970 1.31 Congo (Zaire)<en>Rwanda: Regional Instability and the Mercenaries Dispute</B> August 1967April 1968 1.32 Guinea<en>Portugal: PAIGC Guerrilla Warfare and the Conakry Raids</B> November 1970 1.33 Uganda<en>Tanzania: Postcoup Border Clashes</B> January 1971October 1972 1.34 Equatorial Guinea<en>Gabon: Territorial Dispute over the Corisco Bay Islands</B> JuneNovember 1972 1.35 Ethiopia<en>Somalia: Somali Expansionism, Territorial Dispute, and the Second Ogaden War</B> Mid-19721985 1.36 Morocco<en>Mauritania: Saharan Nationalism, Territorial Dispute, and the Western Saharan Conflict</B> October 1974Ongoing 1.37 Mali<en>Upper Volta (Burkina Faso): Territorial and Resource Dispute</B> December 1974June 1975 1.38 Angola<en>South Africa: Guerrilla Warfare in Namibia, Intervention, and Angolan Civil War</B> 1975Ongoing 1.39 Zaire<en>Angola: Rebel Activity and Border War</B> November 1975February 1976 1.40 Mozambique<en>South Africa: African Nationalism, Intervention, and Civil War</B> 1976October 1992 1.41 Uganda<en>Kenya: Amin Provocations and Border Incidents</B> FebruaryAugust 1976 1.42 Chad<en>Libya: Guerrilla Warfare, Factional Fighting, and Libyan Annexation of the Aozou Strip</B> June 1976November 1979 1.43 Zaire<en>Angola: Internal Dissension, Regional Instability, and the First Invasion of Shaba</B> MarchMay 1977 1.44 Chad: Internal Strife, Foreign Intervention, and the Second Chad Civil War</B> January 1978June 1982 1.45 Zaire<en>Angola: Regional Instability, Congolese Dissension, and the Second Invasion of Shaba</B> May 1978 1.46 Tanzania<en>Uganda: Cross-Border Raids, Tanzanian Invasion, and Ouster of the Amin Regime</B> October 1978May 1979 1.47 Morocco<en>Algeria: Western Saharan Nationalism and Border Conflict</B> JuneOctober 1979 1.48 Cameroon<en>Nigeria: Border Incident</B> MayJuly 1981 1.49 Uganda: Civil War</B> December 19811994 1.50 Zaire<en>Zambia: Lake Mweru Dispute</B> FebruarySeptember 1982 1.51 Libya<en>Chad: Political Instability, Rebel Fighting, Foreign Intervention, and the Third Chad Civil War</B> Mid-1982Ongoing 1.52 Ghana<en>Togo: Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents</B> AugustOctober 1982 1.53 South Africa<en>Lesotho: Guerrilla Insurgency Fears and Anti-ANC Raid</B> December 1982 1.54 Sudan: Secessionist Fighting, Civil War, and the Second Sudan Civil War</B> January 1983Ongoing 1.55 Liberia<en>Sierra Leone: Doe Regime Tensions</B> FebruaryMarch 1983 1.56 Chad<en>Nigeria: Boundary/Resources Dispute and the Lake Chad Conflict</B> AprilJuly 1983 1.57 Zaire<en>Zambia: Regional Tensions, Deportations, and Border Dispute</B> September 1983January 1984 1.58 South Africa<en>Botswana: African Nationalism and Anti-ANC Raids</B> October 1984May 1986 1.59 Zaire: Internal Dissent and the Third Invasion of Shaba</B> November 1984 1.60 Zaire: Internal Strife, the Fourth Invasion of Shaba, and the Collapse of the Mobutu Regime</B> June 1985 1.61 Mali<en>Burkina Faso: Territorial/Resource Dispute and Border War</B> December 1985January 1986 1.62 Togo<en>Ghana: Regional Rivalry and Coup Attempt</B> September 1986 1.63 Zaire<en>People's Republic of Congo: Regional Instability and Border Incident</B> January 1987 1.64 Ethiopia<en>Somalia: Somali Expansionism and the Third Odagen War</B> February 1987April 1988 1.65 South Africa<en>Zambia: African Nationalism, Insurgency Fears, and Anti-ANC Raid</B> April 1987 1.66 People's Republic of Congo: Civil Unrest and Army Rebellion</B> September 1987July 1988 1.67 Uganda<en>Kenya: Ugandan Civil War, Refugee Influx, and Border Conflict</B> December 1987 1.68 Somalia: Clan-Based Violence and the Somalian Civil War</B> May 1988Ongoing 1.69 Burundi: Tribe-Based Communal Violence and the Hutu Conflict</B> August 1988Ongoing 1.70 Uganda<en>Kenya: Border Conflict</B> March 1989 1.71 Mauritania<en>Senegal: Ethnic Violence and Border Incidents</B> April 1989January 1990 1.72 Liberia: Civil War</B> December 1989Ongoing 1.73 Guinea-Bissau<en>Senegal: Border Conflict</B> AprilMay 1990 1.74 Tuareg<en>Niger: Confrontation and Reprisals</B> May 1990October 1994 1.75 Senegal: The Casamance Rebellion</B> Mid-1990Ongoing 1.76 Tuareg<en>Mali: Sahel Pastoralist Rebellion and Military Coup</B> June 1990Ongoing 1.77 Rwanda: Tribal Conflict, Genocide, and Exiles Invasion</B> September 1990Ongoing 1.78 Liberia<en>Sierra Leone: Intervention, Destabilization, and the Sierra Leone Civil War</B> March 1991Ongoing 1.79 Djibouti: Ethnic-Based Violence and Civil War</B> November 1991July 1993 1.80 Nigeria<en>Cameroon: Territorial Dispute and the Diamond and Djabane Islands Dispute</B> December 1993March 1994 1.81 Ghana<en>Togo: Border Incidents</B> JanuaryFebruary 1994 1.82 Uganda: Intervention and Democratic Movements</B> May 1995Ongoing 1.83 Federal Republic of Grande Comoros: Coup Attempt and Anjouan and Moheli Independence</B> September 1995Ongoing 1.84 Eritrea<en>Yemen: Invasion of the Hunish Islands</B> November 1995October 1998 1.85 Congo: Independence Movements</B> October 1996Ongoing 1.86 Uganda<en>Kenya: Ethnic Cross-Border Clashes</B> November 1996July 1998 1.87 Niger: Diffa Border Insurgency</B> December 1996April 1999 1.88 Congo<en>Brazzaville: Democratic Struggle</B> May 1997Late 2000 1.89 Djibouti: Intervention and Djibouti Civil War</B> Early 1998December 2000 1.90 Lesotho: Intervention and Military Factions</B> May 1998March 1999 1.91 Eritrea<en>Ethiopia: Yirga Triangle Territorial Dispute</B> May 1998June 1999 1.92 Guinea-Bissau: Military Factions</B> June 1998January 2000 1.93 Ethiopia<en>Kenya: Ethnic Border Clashes</B> October 1998January 1999 1.94 Liberia<en>Guinea: Border Dispute</B> September 1999April 2001 1.95 Ivory Coast: Civil War</B> September 1999Ongoing 1.96 Central African Republic<en>Chad: Attempted Coup, Foreign Intervention, and Territorial Occupation</B> Mid-2001December 2002 1.97 Angola<en>Zambia: Civil Strife and Border Skirmishes</B> November 2001 @H1:Americas: 2.12.45 List of Conflicts Countries in Americas Region Regional Overview Overview of Conflict Conflict Management 2.1 Dominican Republic<en>Haiti/Cuba: Regional Aggression</B> Early 1947December 1951 2.2 Costa Rica: Anticorruption Military Insurgency and Civil War</B> MarchApril 1948 2.3 Nicaragua<en>Costa Rica: Border Conflict</B> December 1948February 1949 2.4 Argentina<en>Chile: The Beagle Channel Border Dispute</B> July 1952August 1993 2.5 Guatemala: Civil War and Insurgency</B> June 1954Ongoing 2.6 Nicaragua<en>Costa Rica: Exiles Invasion Attempt</B> January 1955 2.7 Dominican Republic<en>Cuba/Venezuela: Dominican Republic Aggression and Exiles Conflict</B> February 1956January 1962 2.8 Cuba: Communist Revolution and Cuban Civil War</B> December 1956January 1959 2.9 Nicaragua<en>Honduras: Boundary Dispute and Mocoran Seizure</B> AprilJune 1957 2.10 Panama: Cuban-Backed Invasion and Panama Revolutionaries Conflict</B> 1958May 1959 2.11 Guatemala<en>Mexico: Mexican Shrimp Boat Incident</B> December 1958September 1959 2.12 Paraguay<en>Argentina: Paraguayan Exiles Conflict</B> Early 1959December 1961 2.13 Cuba<en>Haiti: Cuban-Sponsored Military Invasion and Haitian Exiles Conflict</B> August 1959 2.14 United States<en>Cuba: Anti-Castro Military Invasion--The Bay of Pigs</B> AprilMay 1961 2.15 Venezuela<en>Guyana (UK): Essequibo River Dispute</B> February 1962June 1970 2.16 Chile<en>Bolivia: Lauca River Dam Dispute</B> March 19621964 2.17 United States<en>USSR: Cold War Dispute and the Cuban Missile Crisis</B> SeptemberNovember 1962 2.18 Haiti<en>Dominican Republic: Exiles Asylum and Invasion Attempt</B> AprilSeptember 1963 2.19 Cuba<en>Venezuela: Terrorism and Invasion Attempt</B> November 1963May 1967 2.20 Panama<en>United States: Sovereignty Dispute and the Flag Riots</B> JanuaryApril 1964 2.21 Colombia: Banditry and Leftist Guerrilla Insurgency</B> 1965Ongoing 2.22 United States<en>Dominican Republic: Civil War, U.S. Military Intervention, and the Constitutionalist Rebellion</B> April 1965September 1966 2.23 Bolivia: Cuban-Assisted Guerrilla Insurgency</B> November 1966July 1970 2.24 El Salvador<en>Honduras: The "Football War" Border Dispute</B> July 1969 2.25 Guyana<en>Suriname: New River Triangle Border Dispute</B> August 1969November 1970 2.26 El Salvador<en>Honduras: Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents</B> July 1976October 1980 2.27 El Salvador: Civil Conflict and the Salvadoran Civil War</B> January 1977Late 1992 2.28 Ecuador<en>Peru: Regional Rivalry, Territorial Dispute, and the Amazon/Mara<tid>n<ac>on Waterway Incidents</B> June 1977January 1978 2.29 Nicaragua<en>Costa Rica: Regional Rivalry and Border Incidents</B> October 1977 2.30 Nicaragua<en>Costa Rica: Regional Rivalry, Cross-Border Raids, and Border Incidents</B> SeptemberDecember 1978 2.31 Honduras<en>Nicaragua: Right-Wing Insurgency and the Contra War</B> January 1980February 1994 2.32 Ecuador<en>Peru: Territorial Dispute and Border War</B> JanuaryApril 1981 2.33 United Kingdom<en>Argentina: Sovereignty Dispute and the Falklands War</B> AprilJune 1982 2.34 Guatemala<en>Mexico: Regional Instability, Guatemalan Civil War, and Border Incidents</B> September 1982January 1983 2.35 United States<en>Grenada: Anti-Communist Military Invasion</B> OctoberDecember 1983 2.36 Ecuador<en>Peru: Regional Rivalry, Territorial Dispute, and Border Conflict</B> January 1984 2.37 Guatemala<en>Mexico: Regional Instability, Guatemalan Civil War, and Border Incident</B> April 1984 2.38 Nicaragua<en>Costa Rica: Regional Rivalry and Border Incidents</B> MayJune 1985 2.39 Nicaragua<en>Costa Rica: Regional Rivalry and Border Incidents</B> April 1986 2.40 Suriname: Guerrilla Insurgency</B> July 1986December 1992 2.41 United States<en>Panama: U.S. Anti-Noreiga Military Invasion</B> December 1989 2.42 United States<en>Haiti: U.S. Military Invasion and Aristide's Return from Exile</B> September 1994 2.43 Ecuador<en>Peru: Regional Rivalry and Cenepa Headwaters Confrontation</B> JanuaryMarch 1995 2.44 Ecuador<en>Peru: Condor Mountain Territorial Dispute</B> January 1995October 1998 2.45 Belize<en>Guatemala: Postindependence Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents</B> August 1995 @H1:Asia: East Asia and the Pacific: 3.13.65 List of Conflicts Countries in East Asia and the Pacific Region Regional Overview Overview of Conflict Conflict Management 3.1 China: Civil War</B> 19451949 3.2 The Netherlands<en>The Dutch East Indies: Indonesian Nationalism and War of Independence</B> Late 1945November 1949 3.3 France<en>Indochina: Independence Struggle</B> December 1945July 1954 3.4 United Kingdom<en>Malaya and Singapore: Anti-British Communist Insurgency and the Malayan Emergency</B> June 1948July 1960 3.5 Burma: Kuomintang/People's Liberation Army Cross-Border Conflict</B> August 19481954 3.6 Burma (Myanmar): Karen Separatist Insurgency and Civil War</B> January 1949Ongoing 3.7 China<en>Taiwan: Communist-Nationalist Conflict in the Straits of Formosa</B> October 1949June 1953 3.8 United States<en>USSR: Cold War Air Incidents</B> AprilOctober 1950 3.9 United States<en>North Korea: Cold War Territorial Dispute and the Korean War</B> June 1950July 1953 3.10 China<en>Portugal: The Macao Territorial Conflict</B> JulyAugust 1952 3.11 USSR<en>United States: Cold War Air Incidents</B> October 1952July 1956 3.12 Cambodia<en>Siam (Thailand): Border Conflict and the Occupation of the Temple of Preah Vhear</B> Early 1953May 1975 3.13 China<en>United States/Taiwan: The Quemoy Confrontation</B> April 1954April 1955 3.14 Taiwan<en>South Vietnam: The Paracel Islands Dispute</B> JuneAugust 1956 3.15 China<en>United States/Taiwan: Communist-Nationalist Territorial Dispute and Bombardment of the Quemoy Islands</B> JulyDecember 1958 3.16 Laos: Political Anarchy and the First Laotian Civil War</B> December 19581962 3.17 North Vietnam<en>South Vietnam/United States: Communist Vietcong Insurgency, Anti-Communist U.S. Military Intervention, and Civil War</B> December 1960May 1975 3.18 Indonesia<en>Malaysia: Separatist Civil Disturbances and the Borneo Conflict</B> 1962November 1965 3.19 Indonesia<en>The Netherlands: West Irian Administration Dispute and Separatist Insurgency</B> JanuaryAugust 1962 3.20 China<en>Taiwan: CCP-KMT Territorial Dispute and Invasion Threat</B> MarchDecember 1962 3.21 South Vietnam<en>Cambodia: Anti-Vietminh Cross-Border Raids</B> MarchDecember 1964 3.22 North Vietnam<en>Laos: Political Anarchy and the Second Laotian Civil War</B> April 1964December 1966 3.23 North Vietnam<en>United States: The Vietnam War</B> August 1964May 1975 3.24 Irian Jaya<en>Indonesia: Territorial Dispute and Secession Insurgency</B> 1965Ongoing 3.25 North Korea<en>South Korea: Cold War Dispute and Border Incidents</B> Mid-1965March 1968 3.26 North Korea<en>United States: USS <I>Pueblo</I> Seizure</B> JanuaryDecember 1968 3.27 China<en>Burma: Tribal Conflicts and Border Incidents</B> JanuaryNovember 1969 3.28 Cambodia (Kampuchea)<en>South Vietnam/United States: U.S. Bombing Campaign and Vietnam War</B> January 1970April 1975 3.29 Mindanao<en>The Philippines: Communal Violence, Land Disputes, and Muslim Secessionist Insurgency</B> January 1970Ongoing 3.30 South Vietnam<en>China: Territorial Dispute and the Paracel Islands</B> January 1974 3.31 North Korea<en>South Korea: Demilitarized Zone and Invasion Threat</B> FebruaryJuly 1975 3.32 Cambodia (Kampuchea)<en>United States: Post<en>Vietnam War Tensions and the <I>Mayaguez</I> Incident</B> May 1975 3.33 Laos<en>Thailand: Postrevolution Exodus and Border Incidents</B> June 1975January 1976 3.34 East Timor<en>Indonesia: Independence Struggle</B> October 1975May 2002 3.35 Cambodia (Kampuchea)<en>Thailand: Refugee Influx, Regional Tensions, and Border Skirmishes</B> December 1975February 1976 3.36 Thailand<en>Cambodia (Kampuchea): Refugee Influx, Regional Instability, and Khmer Rouge Border Incidents</B> NovemberDecember 1976 3.37 Cambodia (Kampuchea)<en>Thailand: Refugee Influx, Regional Instability, and Khmer Rouge Border Incidents</B> January 1977October 1978 3.38 Cambodia (Kampuchea)<en>Vietnam: Border Fighting, Vietnamese Invasion, and the Cambodian Civil War</B> January 1979Ongoing 3.39 China<en>Vietnam: Regional Rivalry and Border War</B> January 1979June 1982 3.40 Cambodia (Kampuchea)<en>Thailand: Khmer Rouge Insurgency and Border Conflict</B> December 1979October 1980 3.41 Espiritu Santo<en>Vanuatu (The New Hebrides): Secession Attempt</B> MaySeptember 1980 3.42 Indonesia<en>Papua New Guinea (PNG): Secessionist Warfare, Border Incidents, and the Irian Jaya Dispute</B> May 1982October 1984 3.43 Laos<en>Thailand: Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents</B> June 1982 3.44 China<en>Vietnam: Regional Rivalry and Border Conflict</B> April 1983 3.45 Vietnam<en>China: Regional Rivalry and Border Conflict</B> January 1984March 1987 3.46 Burma<en>Thailand: Karen Separatist Insurgency, Counterinsurgency Raids, and Border Incidents</B> March 1984 3.47 Thailand<en>Laos: Boundary Dispute and Border War</B> June 1984December 1988 3.48 North Korea<en>South Korea: Cold War Border Incidents</B> November 1984 3.49 Vietnam<en>China: Regional Rivalry, Sovereignty Dispute, and the Spratly Islands Dispute</B> March 1988 3.50 Bougainville<en>Papua New Guinea: Separatist Insurgency and Secession Attempt</B> October 1988Ongoing 3.51 Burma (Myanmar)<en>Bangladesh: Rohingya Muslim Rebellion and Border Incidents</B> December 1991 3.52 North Korea<en>South Korea: Historical Enmity and Border Incident</B> May 1992 3.53 Burma (Myanmar)<en>Bangladesh: Border Incidents</B> MarchSeptember 1993 3.54 Burma (Myanmar)<en>Bangladesh: Border Incidents</B> MayAugust 1994 3.55 Taiwan<en>China: Nationalist-Communist Dispute and Shelling Incident</B> November 1994 3.56 China<en>The Philippines: Territorial Dispute and the Paracel and Spratly Islands Incidents</B> JanuaryFebruary 1995 3.57 Taiwan<en>Vietnam: Territorial Dispute and Spratly Islands Clash</B> March 1995 3.58 China<en>Taiwan: Rivalry and Military Tensions</B> January 1996August 1999 3.59 North Korea<en>South Korea: Continuing Rivalry</B> September 1996November 2000 3.60 China<en>The Philippines: Spratly Islands Incident</B> April 1997July 1999 3.61 Vietnam<en>The Philippines: Spratly Islands Firing Incident</B> October 1999 3.62 Thailand<en>Laos: Mekong River Territories</B> AugustSeptember 2000 3.63 Thailand<en>Burma: Internal Civil Strife, Militia Activities, and Border Skirmishes</B> MarchMay 2001 3.64 North Korea<en>South Korea: Naval Incidents</B> November 2001July 2002 3.65 Japan<en>North Korea: Spy Ship Incident</B> December 2001 @H1:Asia: Southwest Asia: 4.14.39 List of Conflicts Countries in Southwest Asia Region Regional Overview Overview of Conflict Conflict Management 4.1 India: Civil War, Independence, and Partition</B> 19451948 4.2 Pakistan<en>India: Postpartition Separatism, First Kashmir War, and India-Pakistan Rivalry</B> October 1947January 1949 4.3 India<en>Hyderabad: Postpartition Separatist Violence and Secession Attempt</B> JulySeptember 1948 4.4 Afghanistan<en>Pakistan: Postindependence Pathan Border Conflict</B> August 1949 4.5 Afghanistan<en>Pakistan: The Pathan Territorial Conflict</B> JuneOctober 1950 4.6 China<en>Tibet: Tibetan Autonomy Dispute</B> October 1950May 1951 4.7 China<en>Tibet: Incorporation Struggle</B> March 1956September 1965 4.8 India<en>Pakistan: Postpartition Border Tension and the Surma River Incidents</B> March 1958September 1959 4.9 China<en>Nepal: Boundary Dispute</B> June 1959July 1960 4.10 China<en>India: Sino-Indian Antagonism and the McMahon Line Boundary Dispute</B> August 1959February 1960 4.11 Afghanistan<en>Pakistan: Boundary Dispute and Pathan Conflict</B> September 1960May 1963 4.12 India<en>Portugal: Anti-Portugal Territorial Dispute in Goa</B> December 1961 4.13 Nepal<en>India: Pro-Democratic Rebellion and Border Incidents</B> AprilNovember 1962 4.14 India<en>China: Sino-Indian Wars and McMahon Line Border Dispute</B> OctoberNovember 1962 4.15 China<en>USSR: Territorial Dispute over Damansky Island</B> March 1963September 1969 4.16 India<en>Pakistan: Border Skirmishes 19651970 4.17 India<en>Pakistan: Territorial Rivalry and the Second Kashmir War</B> AugustSeptember 1965 4.18 China<en>India: Sino-Indian Wars and McMahon Line Border Incidents</B> September 1965 4.19 Bangladesh<en>Pakistan: Secessionist Warfare and the Bangladesh War of Independence</B> March 1971February 1974 4.20 Bangladesh: Postindependence Territorial Dispute and the Chittagong Hill Tracts Conflict</B> 1975Ongoing 4.21 China<en>India: Territorial Dispute and McMahon Line Border Incidents</B> October 1975 4.22 Bangladesh<en>India: Postcoup Tensions and Border Incidents</B> April 1976 4.23 Pakistan<en>Afghanistan: Pro-Monarchist Revolt and the Peshawar Rebellion</B> MarchJuly 1979 4.24 Bangladesh<en>India: Boundary Dispute and Border Incidents</B> November 1979 4.25 USSR<en>Afghanistan: Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Civil War</B> December 1979Ongoing 4.26 Pakistan<en>India: Regional Rivalry, Border Incidents, and India-Pakistan Wars</B> July 1981August 1982 4.27 Sri Lanka: Communal Violence, Separatist Fighting, and Tamil-Sinhalese Conflict</B> July 1982Ongoing 4.28 India<en>Bangladesh: Boundary Dispute and Border Conflict</B> December 1983June 1984 4.29 India<en>Pakistan: Territorial Dispute, India-Pakistan Rivalry, and the Siachin Glacier Dispute</B> April 1984September 1985 4.30 India<en>-Bangladesh: Boundary Disputes and the Muhuri River Incidents</B> FebruaryApril 1986 4.31 India<en>Pakistan: Territorial Dispute, Siachin Glacier/Kashmir Conflict, and India-Pakistan Rivalry</B> Late 1986Ongoing 4.32 Maldives: Attempted Coup and Invasion</B> November 1988 4.33 Kyrgyzstan: Uzbek and Kyrgyzis Ethnic Conflict and Post-Soviet Violence</B> June 1990 4.34 Tajikistan: Post-Soviet Strife and Ethnic-Based Civil War</B> April 1992June 1997 4.35 Nepal: Intervention and Maoist Guerrilla Insurgency</B> Mid-1998September 1999 4.36 India<en>Bangladesh: Kushita Border Incident</B> AprilAugust 1999 4.37 Uzbekistan<en>Kyrgyzstan/Tajikistan: Border Insurgency</B> August 1999September 2000 4.38 Bangladesh<en>India: Border Incident and Seizure of Perdiwah</B> AprilJuly 2001 4.39 United States<en>Afghanistan: Post<en>September 11 "War on Terrorism," Al Qaeda Terrorist Links, and Terrorist Containment</B> SeptemberDecember 2001 @H1:Europe: 5.15.30 List of Conflicts Countries in Europe Region Regional Overview Overview of Conflict Conflict Management 5.1 Greece: Antimonarchist Communist Insurgency and Civil War</B> 19451949 5.2 Albania<en>United Kingdom: Corfu Channel Dispute</B> May 1946December 1949 5.3 Yugoslavia<en>United States: Cold War Air Incidents</B> August 1946 5.4 USSR<en>Yugoslavia: Ideological Rift</B> Early 1948December 1954 5.5 USSR<en>The Western Allies: The Berlin Airlift Crisis</B> June 1948May 1949 5.6 Italy<en>Yugoslavia: Cold War and Trieste Territorial Dispute</B> March 1952October 1954 5.7 Cyprus<en>United Kingdom: Intercommunal Violence and the Enosis Movement</B> April 1955February 1959 5.8 USSR<en>Poland: Polish October</B> October 1956 5.9 USSR<en>Hungary: Anti-Communist Revolt, Soviet Invasion, and the Hungarian Uprising of 1956</B> OctoberDecember 1956 5.10 USSR<en>United States: Cold War Dispute and the Berlin Wall</B> JulyNovember 1961 5.11 Cyprus: Intercommunal Violence and Civil War</B> December 1963November 1967 5.12 USSR<en>Czechoslovakia: Liberalization Movement, the Prague Spring, and Soviet Military Invasion</B> August 1968 5.13 Iceland<en>United Kingdom, West Germany, and Denmark: The Cod War</B> November 1971June 1976 5.14 Cyprus: Communal Violence, Turkish-Greek Invasions, and Partition</B> January 1974June 1978 5.15 Poland: Internal Crisis, Solidarity Labor Movement, and the Declaration of Martial Law</B> December 1981February 1982 5.16 Turkey<en>Greece: Regional Rivalry and Naval Incidents</B> March 1984January 1988 5.17 Georgia<en>South Ossetia: Abkhazia Secession War</B> March 1989Ongoing 5.18 Yugoslavia: Ethnic and Religious Warfare and the Balkans Civil War</B> Mid-1989November 2000 5.19 USSR<en>Lithuania: Post-Soviet Independence Crisis</B> March 1990Late 1991 5.20 Azerbaijan<en>Armenia: Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict</B> August 1990Ongoing 5.21 Gagauzia/Dniester<en>Moldova: Post-Soviet Strife and Gagauzia's Struggle for Autonomy</B> October 1990July 1992 5.22 USSR<en>Latvia: Post-Soviet Independence Crisis</B> January 1991 5.23 Macedonia: Civil War, Incursion, and NATO/EU Involvement</B> January 1991Ongoing 5.24 Russia<en>Chechnya: Post-Soviet Strife, Separatist Fighting, Chechen and Caucusus Conflicts</B> October 1992Ongoing 5.25 Cyprus: Ethnic-Based Tensions and Partition Incidents</B> April 1993 5.26 Greece<en>Albania: Border Tensions</B> April 1994 5.27 Cyprus: Partition Incidents</B> June 1996Ongoing 5.28 Yugoslavia<en>Kosovo: Kosovo Conflict and Civil War</B> October 1997Ongoing 5.29 Russia<en>Republic of Dagestan: The Dagestan Independence Dispute</B> May 1999 5.30 Russia<en>Georgia: Chechen Separatism</B> August 2000Ongoing @H1:Middle East: 6.16.67 List of Conflicts Countries in Middle East Region Regional Overview Overview of Conflict Conflict Management 6.1 France<en>Levant (Syria/Lebanon): Independence Crisis</B> 1945December 1946 6.2 USSR<en>Iran: Pro-Communist Campaign of Secession and Azerbaijan/Kurdistan Crisis</B> August 1945October 1947 6.3 Israel: British Decolonization, Arab-Israeli Territorial Dispute, and War of Independence</B> May 1948January 1949 6.4 Syria<en>Lebanon: Syrian Exiles Dispute</B> MayAugust 1949 6.5 Syria<en>Israel: Lake Tiberias/Huleh Resource Dispute</B> AprilMay 1951 6.6 Egypt<en>United Kingdom: Suez Canal Zone Sovereignty Dispute</B> January 1952January 1956 6.7 Saudi Arabia<en>Oman/United Kingdom: The Buraym<mac>i Oasis Resource Dispute</B> August 1952October 1955 6.8 Israel<en>Jordan: West Bank Border Conflict</B> January 1953December 1954 6.9 Turkey<en>Syria: Border Incidents</B> March 19551957 6.10 Syria<en>Israel: Lake Tiberias Dispute</B> OctoberDecember 1955 6.11 Yemen<en>United Kingdom: Aden Conflict</B> 19561960 6.12 Israel<en>Jordan: Mt. Scopus Conflict</B> July 1956January 1958 6.13 Egypt<en>United Kingdom/France: Sovereignty Dispute and Suez War</B> OctoberNovember 1956 6.14 Israel<en>Syria: Arab-Israeli Territorial Dispute over the Golan Heights July 1957February 1958 6.15 Egypt<en>Sudan: Postindependence Territorial Dispute</B> February 1958 6.16 Lebanon: Internal Strife and the First Lebanese Civil War</B> May 1958June 1959 6.17 Syria<en>Iraq: Syrian-Backed Putsch, Government Suppression, and Mosul Revolt</B> MarchApril 1959 6.18 Kurds<en>Iraq: Kurdish Secession Attempt</B> March 19611966 6.19 Iraq<en>Kuwait: Territorial Dispute and the Kuwaiti Independence Crisis</B> June 1961February 1962 6.20 Syria<en>Israel: Arab-Israeli Territorial Dispute over Lake Tiberias</B> February 1962August 1963 6.21 North Yemen: Civil War and Royalist Rebellion</B> September 1962October 1967 6.22 Syria<en>Israel: Arab-Israeli Dispute and Border Incidents</B> June 1964July 1966 6.23 Israel<en>Jordan: Arab-Israeli Dispute and Border Incidents</B> December 1964April 1966 6.24 Lebanon<en>Israel: Arab-Israeli Dispute and the Ho<cir>ula Raids</B> October 1965 6.25 Israel<en>Arab States: The Six-Day War</B> June 1967 6.26 Iraq<en>Kurds: Kurdish Struggle for Autonomy</B> October 1968March 1970 6.27 North Yemen<en>Saudi Arabia: Border Conflict</B> November 1969January 1970 6.28 The PLO<en>Jordan: Coup Attempt</B> February 1970August 1971 6.29 Iraq<en>Iran: Border Tensions and the Shatt al-Arab Waterway Dispute</B> 1971 6.30 North Yemen<en>South Yemen: Anti-Communist Insurgency and Border Conflict</B> October 1971October 1972 6.31 Iran<en>United Arab Emirates: Tunb Islands Territorial Dispute</B> November 1971 6.32 Oman<en>South Yemen: Antigovernment Insurgency and Dhofar Rebellion</B> 1972August 1974 6.33 Iran<en>Iraq: Territorial Dispute and Border War</B> January 1972February 1975 6.34 Syria/PLO<en>Israel: PLO Raids, Retaliatory Air Strikes, and the Golan Heights Conflict</B> March 1972January 1973 6.35 Iraq<en>Kuwait: Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents</B> March 1973July 1975 6.36 Israel<en>Egypt and Syria: Arab-Israeli Territorial Dispute, Arab-Israeli Wars, and the Yom Kippur War</B> October 1973 6.37 Kurds<en>Iraq: Attempted Secession and the Kurdish Rebellion</B> March 1974July 1975 6.38 Israel<en>Lebanon: Arab Infiltrators and Cross-Border Attacks</B> April 1974July 1975 6.39 Lebanon: Internal Strife, Communal Violence, and the Second Lebanese Civil War</B> February 1975Late 1992 6.40 Syria<en>Iraq: Resource Dispute over the Euphrates River</B> AprilLate 1975 6.41 Iran: Internal Strife, Orthodox Muslim Backlash, Iranian Civil War, and Islamic Revolution</B> 19761980 6.42 Kurds<en>Iraq: Kurdish Separatist Insurgency and Kurdish Autonomy</B> May 1976Ongoing 6.43 Israel<en>Lebanon: Arab-Israeli Tensions, Christian-Muslim Factional Fighting, and Border Incidents</B> MidLate 1977 6.44 Egypt<en>Libya: Regional Tensions and Border War</B> JulySeptember 1977 6.45 Israel<en>Lebanon/PLO: Arab-Israeli Tensions, PLO Incursions, and Israeli Invasion of Southern Lebanon</B> MarchJune 1978 6.46 North Yemen<en>South Yemen: Border War</B> February 1979February 1980 6.47 Israel<en>Syria: Arab-Israeli Tensions and Air Incidents</B> June 1979February 1980 6.48 Iran<en>United States: Anti-American Sentiment, Islamic Revolution, and Hostage Crisis</B> November 1979January 1981 6.49 Saudi Arabia<en>North Yemen: Covert Military Aid and Border Conflict</B> August 1979March 1980 6.50 Iran<en>Iraq: Regional Rivalry, Territorial Dispute, and the Iran-Iraq War</B> February 19801989 6.51 Libya<en>United States: Regional Instability and Air Incidents</B> August 1981 6.52 Israel<en>Lebanon: Israeli Invasion of Lebanon</B> Early 1982Mid-1983 6.53 Israel<en>Lebanon: Arab-Israeli Hostilities, Muslim-Christian Factional Fighting, and the Security Zone</B> Mid-1983Ongoing 6.54 Kurds<en>Turkey: Kurdish Secession Struggle</B> August 1984Ongoing 6.55 United States<en>Libya: International Terrorism Fears and Naval Incidents</B> JanuaryApril 1986 6.56 Qatar<en>Bahrain: Sovereignty Dispute and the Hawar Islands Dispute</B> April 1986 6.57 United States<en>Libya: Rabat Chemical Plant Tensions and Mediterranean Air Incident</B> January 1989 6.58 Iraq<en>Kuwait/Coalition Forces: Territorial Dispute, Iraqi Expansionism, and the Gulf War August 1990May 1991 6.59 Iran<en>United Arab Emirates/Egypt: Abu Musa and Tunb Islands Territorial Dispute</B> April 1992 6.60 Saudi Arabia<en>Qatar: Post<en>Gulf War Tensions and Border Incidents SeptemberOctober 1992 6.61 Egypt<en>Sudan: Territorial/Resource Dispute and Halaib Dispute</B> December 1992 6.62 Iraq<en>Coalition Forces: Post<en>Gulf War Incidents</B> December 1992July 1993 6.63 Yemen: Unification Difficulties and Yemen Civil War</B> November 1993July 1994 6.64 Iraq<en>Coalition Forces: Post<en>Gulf War Tensions and Kuwaiti Border Incidents</B> October 1994 6.65 Saudi Arabia<en>Yemen: Post<en>Gulf War Border Conflict</B> December 1994 6.66 Iran<en>Iraq: Regional Rivalry and Border Incidents</B> September 1997 6.67 Israel<en>Syria: Border Clashes</B> February 2001Ongoing @H1:Appendixes A. Countries and Their Regions B. Chronology of Regional Conflicts C. Organizational Factsheets References Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
World politics -- 1945-1989 -- Encyclopedias.
World politics -- 1989- -- Encyclopedias.
Conflict management -- History -- 20th century -- Encyclopedias.