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AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF IMAGES Contents Preface Chapter 1. Introduction: images in action Chapter 2. Image & identity: personhood, self & other Chapter 3. Imaging Gender: iconographies of difference Chapter 4. Materiality & meaning Chapter 5. Thinking with beasts Chapter 6. Dreaming monsters & shamanic shape-shifters Chapter 7. Paths of Perception: ways of seeing, ways of telling Chapter 8. Resistant Iconographies: post-colonial perspectives Postscript: Images Unlocked? References An Archaeology of Images LIST OF FIGURES Frontispiece One of the carved wooden heads decorating the oak boat, filled with weapons and deliberately sunk as a sacrificial offering in the Nydam bog. The oak was felled in the early 4th century AD. Chapter 1 1.1 Bronze sceptre-terminal from Brough-on-Humber, Yorkshire (c) Hull City Museums. 1.2 Stone relief of a horned warrior from Maryport, Cumbria (c) Anne Leaver. 1.3 Stone statue wearing torc and flat hat, from Alesia, Burgundy (c) Anne Leaver 1.4 Bronze figurine of a woman, from Henley Wood temple, Somerset. From the collections of North Somerset Museum (c) North Somerset Museum Service. 1.5 Decapitated chalk figurine from Garton Slack, Yorkshire (c) Hull City Museums 1.6 Stone head from MÜecké Äehrovice, Bohemia (c) Anne Leaver. 1.7a, b Bronze figurines of dancers from Neuvy-en-Sullias, Loiret (c) Paul Jenkins. 1.8 Pair of warriors engaged in ritualised combat dance, decorating the back of a bronze couch in the tomb of a Hallstatt chieftain at Hochdorf, Germany (c) Anne Leaver. 1.9 Stone statue of a warrior from a Hallstatt tomb at Glauberg, Germany (c) Paul Jenkins. 1.10 Stone relief of Mercury, from a well at Emberton, Bucks. From the Buckinghamshire County Museum collections. 1.11 Stone carving of a woman with spear and vat, from Lemington, Glos. (c) Anne Leaver. 1.12 Reverse of Iron Age gold coin, minted by the Redones of Brittany, depicting a naked horsewoman with a sword in her left hand, a spear in her right. Chapter 2 2.1 Bronze seated figure of a warrior, from Glauberg, Germany Paul Jenkins. 2.2 Stone head with lotus-motif on forehead, from Heidelberg, Germany (c) Paul Jenkins. 2.3 Romano-British bronze amulet in the form of a bound prisoner, from Brough-under-Stainmore, Cumbria (c) The British Museum. 2.4 Sculpture of Roman soldiers and British prisoners, on a distance-slab from Bridgeness, on the Antonine Wall (c) Anne Leaver. 2.5a & b Iron slave gang-chain from a later Iron Age hoard at Llyn Cerrig Bach, Anglesey; and the chain in use (c) National Museums & Galleries of Wales. 2.6 Granite statue of a warrior, from Lesenho, Portugal (c) Paul Jenkins. 2.7 Stone seated figure with torc, from Aigueperse, Haute-Vienne, France (c) Paul Jenkins 2.8 Potin coin issued by the Remi, depicting female seated figure with torc (c) Paul Jenkins 2.9 Stone image of torc-wearer, from Amboise (Indre-et-Loire), France (c) Paul Jenkins 2.10 Iron Age inhumation of a woman wearing a lead torc back-to-front, from Great Houghton, Northants. By kind permission of Andy Chapman (c) Northamptonshire County Council. 2.11 Stone image of a child wearing 'pilgrim-harness', from Fontes Sequanae, Burgundy (c) Paul Jenkins. 2.12 Triad of hooded beings, from Pithiviers (Loiret) (c) Anne Leaver Chapter 3 3.1 Statue of Veleda, sculpted by Etienne-Hippolyte Maindron in 1839, in the Luxembourg Gardens, Paris (c) Paul Jenkins. 3.2 Potin coin of the Remi depicting female warrior (c) Paul Jenkins. 3.3 Gendered pair of wooden images, from Braak in North Germany (c) Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseum Schloss Gottorf Archäologisches Landesmuseum, Schleswig. 3.4 Stone relief of Mercury and Rosmerta, from Bath (c) Anne Leaver. 3.5 Relief of Mercury and Rosmerta from Glanum, Provence (c) author 3.6 'Divine couple' from Pagny-la-Ville, Beaune (c) author 3.7 Stone statue of a Hallstatt warrior, from Hirschlanden, Germany (c) Paul Jenkins 3.8 Chalk figure of a warrior, from Withernsea (outlier of the Garton Slack group), Yorkshire (c) Paul Jenkins 3.9 The 'big woman' of Strettweg, from a cult-wagon found in a tomb of the seventh century BC at Strettweg near Graz, Austria (c) Paul Jenkins 3.10 Triad of nursing women, from Vertault near Châtillon-sur-Seine, Burgundy. Photo Christian Labeaune (c) Musée Archéologique, Châtillon-sur-Seine. 3.11 The hermaprodite of Roman Bolards, Nuits Saint Georges, Burgundy (c) Anne Leaver 3.12 Bronze figurine of an antlered woman, unprovenanced Gaul (c) Anne Leaver. 3.13 Dionysus on mosaic from the Thruxton Roman villa, Hampshire (c) Paul Jenkins. 3.14 Triple-teated (or triple-phallused) horse on a silver Iron Age coin from Bratislavia, Slovakia (c) Paul Jenkins. 3.15 Gallo-Roman bronze figurine of a boar/sow from Cahors, France (c) Nick Griffiths. 3.16 Asexual granite figure from Lanneunoc, Brittany (c) author. Chapter 4 4.1 Reconstruction of a sacred grove containing wooden images. With permission of the National Museum of Wales. Illustration by Tony Daly. 4.2 The woman carved from alder, found as a watery deposit at Ballachulish, Argyll. (c) Paul Jenkins. 4.3 Two wooden figures, male and female, from either side of a trackway at Oldenburg, Germany (c) Anne Leaver. 4.4 Human image made of yew, from an estuarine context at Roos Carr, Yorkshire (c) City of Hull Museums 4.5 Malanngan wooden image from New Guinea (c) Paul Jenkins. 4.6 Taíno zemi from Aboukir, Jamaica (c) Paul Jenkins. 4.7 Wooden figure from Fontes Sequanae (c) Paul Jenkins. 4.8 Chalk head from Battersea, London (c) Museum of London. 4.9 Chalk figurine from Deal, Kent (c) Nick Griffiths. 4.10 Chalk figurine from Garton Slack, Yorkshire (c) Paul Jenkins. 4.11 Iron fire-dog from a watery deposit at Capel Garmon, North Wales (c) National Museum of Wales. Chapter 5 5.1 Stone verraco from Ávila, Spain (c) author 5.2 The Gundestrup cauldron (c) Paul Jenkins 5.3 Base-plate of the Gundestrup cauldron, depicting a dying aurochs (c) Paul Jenkins. 5.4 The triple bull plate from the Gundestrup cauldron (c) Paul Jenkins 5.5 Iron Age Breton coin with wolf and sun motif (c) Paul Jenkins. 5.6 Sculpture of a hunter and stag, from the Gallo-Roman temple at Le Donon, Vosges (c) Musée Archéologique de Strasbourg. Photo Musées de Strasbourg. 5.7 The cult wagon from Strettweg, Austria (c) Paul Jenkins. 5.8 Nearly life-size bronze boar from Neuvy-en-Sullias (Loiret) (c) Paul Jenkins. 5.9 Bronze boar from the Iron Age oppidum at Joeuvre. Photo Claude Thériez (c) Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'Archéologie Joseph-Déchelette. 5.10 Bronze boar from Bordeaux (c) Chris Rudd. 5.11 Coin with human head and boar motif, from Esztergom, Hungary (c) Paul Jenkins 5.12 The 'boar-man' from Euffigneix, Haute-Marne (c) Réunion des Musées Nationaux (89 ave Victor-Hugo, 75116, Paris) 5.13 Relief of hammer-god with dog, Nîmes (c) author 5.14 Nehalennia, from Colijnsplaat, Netherlands (c) Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden. 5.15 Bronze sceptre-terminal in the form of a double horseman, with severed human heads, from Numancia, Spain (c) and with kind permission of Professor Alfredo Jimeno 5.16 The horse-frieze from the Iron Age cliff-top shrine at Roquepertuse (Bouches-du-Rhône) (c) author. 5.17a The bird-man from Moux, Burgundy (c) author b an oak-gall (oak-apple) (c) Cath Price. Chapter 6 6.1 Incised image of a triple-horned horse with rider from the oppidum of Mouriès in Provence (c) Nick Griffiths. 6.2 The antlered man with two ram-headed snakes, from the Gundestrup cauldron (c) Anne Leaver 6.3 The wheel-bearer plate on the Gundestrup cauldron, with ram-headed snake (c) Paul Jenkins. 6.4 The vat-scene on the Gundestrup cauldron (c) Paul Jenkins. 6.5 Ram-headed snake accompanying a couple at Mavilly, Burgundy (c) Paul Jenkins. 6.6 Bronze figurine of a ram-headed 'snake-man' from Savigny, Autun (c) Paul Jenkins. 6.7 Human-headed horse on a flag-lid found in the tomb of a woman buried in the mid 4th century BC at Reinheim, Germany (c) Anne Leaver. 6.8 Armorican coin (unprovenanced) depicting a winged horse/human hybrid (c) Paul Jenkins. 6.9 Pantomime horses, with protruding 'human' lips on the late Iron Age bucket from a cremation-grave at Aylesford, Kent (c) Anne Leaver. 6.10 a, b Rhenish silver coin with 'Aylesford-type' lipped horse on the reverse and a 'puppet' on the obverse (c) Chris Rudd. 6.11 Bronze dog-figurine with human face, from the Romano-British temple at Lydney Park, Glos. (c) Nick Griffiths. 6.12 Romano-British (?) stone head with cat-ears, from Doncaster, Yorkshire (c) Doncaster Museum, Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council. 6.13 Clay antefix (roofing-tile) with cat-eared human head, from the legionary fortress at Caerleon, South Wales (c) National Museums & Galleries of Wales. 6.14 Hybrid stag-human on a rock-carving at Camonica Valley, North Italy (c) Anne Leaver. Chapter 7 7.1 Stone image of a six-fingered flute-player, from Pauvrelay (Indre-et-Loire) (c) Anne Leaver 7.2 Stone image of a severed human head from a late Roman house at Caerwent, South Wales (c) National Museums & Galleries of Wales. 7.3 Merged stag/human on a rock-carving at Camonica Valley, North Italy (c) Paul Jenkins. 7.4 Romano-British bronze goat with exaggerated horns, from Dumbuck, Dumbartonshire (c) National Museums of Scotland. 7.5 Iron Age coin depicting a stag and boar, with exaggerated antlers and dorsal bristles, from Maidstone, Kent (c) Paul Jenkins 7.6 Image of an individual with vast right hand, on the 'Roccia della grande mano' at Camonica Valley (c) Anne Leaver. 7.7 Head on the base of a bronze flagon-handle, from Kleinaspergle, Germany (c) Paul Jenkins. 7.8 Stone statuette of a seated woman, from Roman Caerwent (c) National Museums & Galleries of Wales. 7.9 Bronze figurine of a torc-wearing man, with huge head and small, hooved feet, from Bouray, Essonne (c) Paul Jenkins. 7.10 Fragment of a gold openwork plaque depicting a reversible human face, from Bad Durkheim, Germany (c) Paul Jenkins 7.11 Genii cucullati from Cirencester, Glos. (c) Cotswold District Museum Service. 7.12 Sheet-bronze plaque depicting a 'matchstick man' in repoussé, from a Romano-British temple at Woodeaton, Oxon. (c) U Betty Naggar 7.13 Pipe-clay group of three women, probably the Matronae Aufaniae, from Bonn, Germany (c) author 7.14 Sculpture of a triad, including a triple-faced being, from Bolards, Nuits-Saint-Georges, Burgundy (c) Anne Leaver 7.15 Stone carving of a triple head, from Lugdunum (c) Musée de la Civilisation Gallo-Romaine, Lyon, France (Cliché Ch. Thioc). 7.16 Nineteenth-century Trinity Corbel from Llandaff Cathedral, Cardiff (c) R.J.L. Smith & Associates. 7.17 Bronze triple-horned human face from a late Iron Age site at Hafenturm, Germany (c) Paul Jenkins. 7.18 Bronze head with triple-horned cap, from the Romano-British temple at Walsingham, Norfolk (c) Jean Bagnall Smith. 7.19 Late iron Age sheet-bronze plaque with motif of two conjoined human head, from Tal-y-Llyn, Meirionethshire (c) National Museums & Galleries of Wales 7.20 Schist plaque depicting three women, from Roman Bath (c) Institute of Archaeology, Oxford. Chapter 8 8.1 Stone statue of Mercury, from Lezoux (Puy-de-Dôme) (c) author. 8.2 Bronze horned head of Mercury, from Uley, Glos. (c) Paul Jenkins. 8.3 The 'Gorgon' on the temple-pediment at Bath. (c) Anne Leaver. 8.4 The pollarding scene on the 'Esus' stone from the Nautes Parisiacae pillar, Paris (c) Paul Jenkins. 8.5 Sculptured group of horseman and monster from a Jupiter-giant column at Neschers, Vosges (c) Paul Jenkins. 8.6 Epona on a stone from Gannat, Allier (c) Paul Jenkins 8.7 Statuette of Epona, from Alesia, Burgundy (c) Paul Jenkins 8.8 Triad of Apollo, Mercury and antlered deity, from Reims (c) Paul Jenkins.
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Art, Celtic, Symbolism in art, Iron age Europe