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CONTENTS Preface 1 Introduction 1 1. The island of Taiwan 1 1.1. Geographical location 1 1.2. Historical summary 2 1.2.1. Sources - from the 3rd to the 16th century 2 1.2.2. The modern period - from the 17th century to Japanese colonisation 3 1.2.3. Japanese colonisation - 1895-1945 6 1.2.4. The contemporary period -from 1945 onwards 7 2. The Austronesians of the island 8 2.1. Historical summary 8 2.1.1. First mention of the Austronesians 8 2.1.2. First contact with the Chinese administration and settlers 9 2.1.3. Japanese administration and its classification of these people 10 2.2. A brief demographic study 11 2.3. The Puyuma 13 Chapter one - The Puyuma 16 1. Linguistics 16 1.1. Phonology 17 1.1.1. Consonants 17 1.1.2. Vowels 18 1.2. Morphology 18 1.2.1. Noun-forming affixes 18 1.2.2. Verb-forming affixes 19 1.2.3. Adverb-forming affixes 20 1.3. Syntax 20 1.1.1. Different 'focus' of verbs 20 1.3.2. Aspects and modes 21 2. Ethnonym 22 3. Relations with other groups 22 3.1. Mythical approach 22 3.2. Historical approach 27 4. Demographic summary 29 Chapter two - The village 31 1. Geographical location of the Puyuma village 31 1.1. Different sites of the village 31 1.2. The present-day site 32 1.3. The ancestral spirit 34 2. Residence 35 3. Population of the village 37 Chapter three - Gods and men 40 1. Spiritual beings, birua 40 1.1. "Homeless" birua 40 1.2. Birua inhabiting a named space 40 1.2.1. The pantheon of kaqisatan 40 1.2.2. The pantheon of the kaqaulasan 41 2. Conception of souls 41 2.1. Tinabawan 41 2.2. Birua 42 3. Divination 44 3.1. Oniromancy, kiatia 44 3.2. Ornithomancy - Divination by bamboos 44 4. Ritual practitioners 44 4.1. The bamboo diviner, meqlaw 44 4.1.1. Origins 45 4.1.2. Practices 45 4.2. The benabulu 46 4.3. The shaman, temararamaw 47 5. Rituals 47 5.1. Ritual objects 47 5.2. Orientation 50 5.3. Time 51 6. Rituals performed by the benabulu 53 6.1. Everyday, non-collective rites 53 6.2. Cyclic, collective rites 53 6.2.1. Offerings to the mountain-ancestor, temu da dekal 53 6.2.2. Rain-making ritual, pakaqudal 54 6.2.3. "Rite of the deer", pubiaw" 54 6.3. Manayaw 56 7. Rituals performed by shamans 56 8. Parishes 56 8.1. The Catholic church 57 8.2. The Protestant church 57 Chapter four - Birth and death 59 1. Birth 59 2. Death 63 2.1. Natural deaths 63 2.1.1. Separation rites of the household of a dead person 64 2.1.2. Reintegration rites into the community 65 2.2. Unfortunate deaths 66 Chapter five - Family horizons 68 1. Relationship 68 1.1. Consanguinity - terminology 68 1.2. Affines - terminology 72 2. Marriages 74 2.1. Marriage taboos respected - incest taboo 74 2.2. Marriages where the taboo is slightly broken 75 2.2.1. Marriages between first matrilateral parallel- or cross-cousins 75 2.2.2. Marriages between any descendants of two brothers 76 2.2.3. "Bad examples" 76 2.3. Marriages where the taboo is very often broken (between second cousins) 77 2.3.1. Between descendants of a brother and sister 77 2.3.2. Between descendants of two sisters 78 2.4. The "unspoken rule" 80 2.5. Exchanges 80 3. Inheritance 85 4. Filiation 85 5. Variations in marriage and their impact on gender status 86 5.1. Marriage up to the 1920s 86 5.2. The Japanese colonisation crisis, and society from the 1930s onward 88 5.3. The situation since 1950, or the impact of the arrival of the Nationalist Chinese 90 5.4. Divorce 93 5.5. Adultery 93 5.6. Exchange of sisters 93 Chapter six - Dual organisation and age-system 94 1. Dual organisation 94 1.1. Historical reconstitution 94 1.2. Structure today 98 1.3. The ancestral cult house 99 2. Age-system 101 2.1. The boys' house 102 2.1.1. Description of the building 102 2.1.2. The rite of passage, basibase 103 2.1.3. Integration 107 2.2. The men's house 109 2.2.1. Description of the building 109 2.2.2. The manayaw ceremonial cycle 110 2.2.3. Integration 115 3. Relationships generated by the system 117 3.1. The father/son relationship 117 3.2. The godfather/godson relationship 120 3.3. Age-system and marriage 121 3.4. Age-system, moieties, and political processes 122 4. Head-hunting 124 4.1. Relevance of head-hunting 124 4.2. Social value of head-hunting 125 Chapter seven - Shamans 128 1. The shamans of Nanwang 128 2. How to become a shaman 129 2.1. The signs 129 2.1.1. Successful cases 129 2.1.2. Failures 131 2.2. Family surroundings 132 2.3. Investiture, malagan 132 2.4. Training 135 3. Accessories 136 3.1. The elector-spirit and the auxiliary-spirits 136 3.2. The sanctuary, lawinan, and the bag, aliut 137 3.3. Shaman's costume 138 3.4. Ritual language 139 3.4.1. The language itself 139 3.4.2. The metaphoric language of ritual objects 143 4. Functions of shamans 144 4.1. Rites performed by shamans 144 4.1.1. Everyday, non-collective rites 145 4.1.2. Exceptional, non-collective rites 145 4.2. The miapali, "those with the pali, the evil eye" 149 4.3. The mialigu 150 5. Shamans and society 151 5.1. Impact on shamanism of the transition to farming 152 5.2. Impact of Japanese colonisation on shamanism 157 5.3. Shamanistic practices and speech today 158 Chapter eight - Material civilisation 160 1. General points 160 1.1. Daily life 161 1.2. Culinary arts 162 1.2.1. Cookery 162 1.2.2. Drinks 163 1.2.3. Stimulants, tobacco and betel 163 1.3. Wooden and bamboo utensils 164 2. Means of subsistance 164 2.1. Hunting 164 2.1.1. Omens 165 2.1.2. Taboos 166 2.1.3. Hunting language and weapons 167 2.2. Fishing 168 2.3. Gathering and farming 168 2.3.1. Gathering 168 2.3.2. Farming 169 3. Handicrafts 174 3.1. Weaving 174 3.2. Clothes 175 3.2.1. Women's clothes 176 3.2.2. Men's clothes 177 3.2.3. Hairstyles 177 3.3. Habitat 177 3.3.1. Building 178 3.3.2. Rites 179 Chapter nine - The aborigines in Taiwan today 180 1. Administration before the 1996 elections 180 2. Material aspect 180 3. Development of tourism 181 4. Schooling 181 5. Consequences of "plainisation/hanism" 182 6. Persistance of tradition 183 7. Birth of an ethnic identity 183 8. Policies implemented since the beginning of the 1990s 185 Appendix 187 1. Myth of the origin of the people of Katipul 187 2. Legend of the division of the land 189 3. Legends told by the Amis - Kiwit's war against the Puyuma 190 4. Story told by Valikai, a Katipul 191 5. Legend narrated by Taylor 192 6. Patintin song 193 7. Chronology of the investitures 194 References 195 Index 210
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Puyuma (Taiwan people) History, Puyuma (Taiwan people) Rites and ceremonies, Puyuma (Taiwan people) Social life and customs, Taiwan Social life and customs