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Table of Contents Preface Section I Theoretical Formulations and Clinical Examples of Anaclitic and Introjective Depression Page Chapter I - Two Types of Depression A. Primary clinical examples 2 1. Anaclitic (Dependent) depression 2 2. Introjective (Self-critical) depression 7 B. Classic psychoanalytic theories of depression 13 1. Anaclitic depression 28 2. Introjective depression 30 C. Contemporary psychological theories of depression 35 1. John Bowlby: An ethological and object relations model 35 2. Silvano Arieti and Jules Bemporad: An interpersonal model 42 3. Aaron Beck: A cognitive-behavioral model 48 D. Theoretical integration 52 E. Object representation in depression 58 Chapter II - Clinical Expression of Anaclitic and Introjective Depression A. Introjective depression and suicide 1 1. Self-criticism (perfectionism) and depression 9 2. Suicide and the representation of transparency and cross-sections. 20 B. Two types of depression in adolescence 25 1. Anaclitic depression 25 a. An anaclitic adolescent boy 32 b. An anaclitic adolescent girl 36 2. Introjective depression 41 a. An introjective adolescent girl 45 b. An introjective adolescent boy 52 Section II Assessment of Anaclitic and Introjective Depression and of Mental Representation Chapter III - The Measurement of Anaclitic and Introjective Depressive 2 Experiences A. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) 9 B. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire for Adolescents (DEQ-A) 14 C. Subscales embedded within DEQ Factor I (Neediness and Relatedness) 17 D. Other measures of anaclitic and introjective depressive 33 experiences 1. Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS) 34 2. Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) 35 3. Summary 36 E. Depressive experiences and gender, race, and social mobility 38 Chapter IV - The Assessment of Mental Representation A. The development of representations 1 B. Assessment of object relations and representations. 11 1. Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) 12 2. Object Relations Inventory (ORI) 16 a. Structural dimensions of object representations 16 (1). Conceptual Level (CL) 16 (2). Differentiation-Relatedness (D-R) 19 b. Qualitative-thematic dimensions 22 (1). Scorable Attributes (SA) 29 c. Summary 29 Section III Expressions of Anaclitic and Introjective Depression and Their Distal and Proximal Antecedents. Chapter V - Anaclitic and Introjective Depression in Clinical and Non-clinical Settings A. Clinical settings 3 1. Depression and substance abuse 23 B. Non-clinical settings 30 C. Summary 45 1. Self-criticism 45 2. Interpersonal relatedness (Dependency) 48 3. Gender differences 49 Chapter VI - Developmental Origins (Distal Antecedents) 1 A. Secure and insecure attachment 6 B. Children of depressed mothers 19 C. Retrospective reports of child rearing experiences 36 1. Descriptions of parents 47 D. Summary 57 Chapter VII - Precipitating Events (Proximal Antecedents) A. Stress-diathesis models of anaclitic and introjective 1 Depression B. Action models of anaclitic and introjective depression 10 Section IV Chapter VIII - Therapeutic Implications A. Therapeutic change in the treatment of depression 8 1. Change in mental representations in the therapeutic process 9 2. A clinical example 13 a. Quantitative analysis 16 b. Qualitative analysis 17 B. Therapeutic change in anaclitic and introjective patients 30 C. Processes of therapeutic change 45
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Depression, Mental, Introjection