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Contents Preface vii 1 Formation of Natural Soil Deposits1 1-1 Introduction 1 1-2 Rocks--The Sources of Soils 1 1-3 Rock Weathering and Soil Formation 4 1-4 Soil Deposits 4 2 Engineering Properties of Soils9 2-1 Soil Types 9 2-2 Grain-Size Analysis and Atterberg Limits 10 2-3 Soil Classification Systems 19 2-4 Components of Soils 30 2-5 Weight/Mass and Volume Relationships 31 2-6 Permeability, Capillarity, and Frost Heave 38 2-7 Compressibility 40 2-8 Shear Strength 41 2-9 Compactness--Relative Density 42 2-10 Problems 44 3 Soil Exploration47 3-1 Introduction 47 3-2 Reconnaissance 47 3-3 Steps of Soil Exploration 48 3-4 Groundwater Table 59 3-5 Standard Penetration Test 59 3-6 Cone Penetration Test 68 3-7 Vane Test 72 3-8 Geophysical Methods of Soil Exploration 74 3-9 Record of Soil Exploration 81 3-10 Conclusion 83 3-11 Problems 84 4 Soil Compaction and Stabilization87 4-1 Definition and Purpose of Compaction 87 4-2 Laboratory Compaction Tests 88 4-3 Factors Affecting Compaction of Soil 92 4-4 Field Compaction 96 4-5 Dynamic Compaction 99 4-6 In-Place Soil Unit Weight Test 102 4-7 Field Control of Compaction 109 4-8 Soil Stabilization 112 4-9 Problems 115 5 Water in Soil119 5-1 Introduction 119 5-2 Flow of Water in Soils 119 5-3 Capillary Rise in Soils 135 5-4 Frost Action in Soils 138 5-5 Flow Nets and Seepage 139 5-6 Problems 144 6 Stress Distribution in Soil149 6-1 Introduction 149 6-2 Vertical Pressure Below a Concentrated Load 149 6-3 Vertical Pressure Below a Loaded Surface Area (Uniform Load) 154 6-4 Problems 173 7 Consolidation of Soil and Settlement of Structures179 7-1 Introduction 179 7-2 Consolidation Test 180 7-3 Normally Consolidated Clay 189 7-4 Overconsolidated Clay 192 7-5 Field Consolidation Line 193 7-6 Settlement of Loads on Clay Due to Primary Consolidation 197 7-7 Settlement of Loads on Clay Due to Secondary Compression 215 7-8 Settlement of Loads on Sand 218 7-9 Problems 228 8 Shear Strength of Soil233 8-1 Introduction 233 8-2 Methods of Investigating Shear Strength 234 8-3 Characteristics of the Failure Plane 247 8-4 Shear Strength of Cohesionless Soils 253 8-5 Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils 253 8-6 Problems 260 9 Shallow Foundations263 9-1 Introduction 263 9-2 Loads on Foundations 264 9-3 Depth and Location of Foundations 268 9-4 Bearing Capacity Analysis 270 9-5 Size of Footings 293 9-6 Contact Pressure 298 9-7 Total and Differential Settlement 309 9-8 Structural Design of Footings 310 9-9 Problems 310 10 Pile Foundations 217 10-1 Introduction 317 10-2 Types of Piles 317 10-3 Length of Piles 319 10-4 Pile Capacity 319 10-5 Pile-Driving Formulas 336 10-6 Pile Load Tests 340 10-7 Negative Skin Friction (Down Drag) 345 10-8 Pile Groups and Spacing of Piles 346 10-9 Efficiency of Pile Groups 346 10-10 Distribution of Loads in Pile Groups 352 10-11 Settlement of Pile Foundations 355 10-12 Construction of Pile Foundations 360 10-13 Problems 362 11 Drilled Caissons373 11-1 Introduction 373 11-2 Bearing Capacity of Drilled Caissons 374 11-3 Settlement of Drilled Caissons 384 11-4 Construction and Inspection of Drilled Caissons 385 11-5 Problems 386 12 Lateral Earth Pressure391 12-1 Introduction 391 12-2 Earth Pressure at Rest 392 12-3 Rankine Earth Pressures 399 12-4 Coulomb Earth Pressures 406 12-5 Effects of a Surcharge Load upon Active Thrust 413 12-6 Culmann's Graphic Solution 415 12-7 Design Considerations for Retaining Walls 421 12-8 Lateral Earth Pressure on Braced Sheetings 422 12-9 Problems 427 13 Retaining Structures431 13-1 Introduction 431 13-2 Retaining Walls 431 13-3 Earth Pressure Computation 433 13-4 Stability Analysis 433 13-5 Backfill Drainage 445 13-6 Settlement and Tilting 447 13-7 Reinforced Earth Walls 448 13-8 Slurry Trench Walls 453 13-9 Anchored Bulkheads 453 13-10 Problems 460 14 Stability Analysis of Slopes465 14-1 Introduction 465 14-2 Analysis of a Mass Resting on an Inclined Layer of Impermeable Soil 465 14-3 Slopes in Homogeneous Cohesionless Soils (c 5 0, f . 0) 469 14-4 Slopes in Homogeneous Soils Possessing Cohesion (c . 0, f 5 0, and c . 0, f . 0) 470 14-5 Method of Slices 483 14-6 Problems 490 Answers to Selected Problems493 Appendix: Conversion Factors495 Index497
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Soil mechanics, Foundations