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List of Illustrations xvi List of Tables xviii List of Sidebars xxxii Preface xxvi I. Introduction page 1 1 Judicial Policy Making 2 Policy Making 4 Fundamental Law 7 Distrust of Governmental Power 12 Federalism 19 Separation of Powers 20 Judicial Review 23 The Mythology of Judging 33 Summary and Conclusion 37 2 Approaches to Judicial Decision Making 42 Models 43 The Legal Approach 49 Facts 52 Plain Meaning 53 Legislative and Framers' Intent 58 Precedent 70 The Post-Positive Retreat 79 Extra-Legal or Policy-Based Approaches 81 Rational Choice 84 The Attitudinal Model 90 Summary and Conclusions 95 3 The Supreme Court in American Legal History 107 Before the Constitution 107 Independence 109 The New Constitution 111 The Marshall Court 113 The State Court Systems 119 The Civil War Era 121 The Taney Court 121 The Case of Scott v. Sandford 125 Civil Rights 128 Economic Regulation 129 Substantive Due Process 131 The Constriction of Interstate Commerce 133 Changes in the State Courts 135 The New Deal 137 Supreme Court Supervision of State Courts 140 Comity and the Abstention Doctrine 141 The Nationalization of the Bill of Rights 141 First Amendment Freedoms 144 Religious Freedom 145 Criminal Procedure 148 Equal Protection 151 Affirmative Action 153 Sex and other Discrimination 155 The Right to Privacy 156 Abortion 158 Homosexuality 159 The Right to Die 161 The Supreme Court and the Distribution of Power 162 The Japanese Internment Cases 162 The Steel Seizure Case 165 The Watergate Tapes Case 167 The Line Item Veto Case 168 Bush v. Gore 171 Summary and Conclusions 174 II. Judicial Process 185 4 Civil Procedure 186 The Adversary System 188 Discovery 194 Jurisdiction 197 In personam Jurisdiction 198 In Rem Jurisdiction 203 Quasi in rem Jurisdiction 204 Limited and Special Appearances 206 Notice 207 Long-Arm Statutes 208 Venue and forum non conveniens 209 Pleadings 211 The Complaint 213 The Answer 216 Challenges to the Pleadings 218 Discovery 218 Discovery Devices 220 Trial Procedure 223 The Pretrial Conference 223 Summary Judgment 224 Trial Procedure 224 The Jury 226 Jury Selection 227 Post-trial Proceedings 228 Punitive Damages 230 Burden of Proof 231 Multi-Party and Multi-Claim Litigation 235 Counterclaim 235 Joinder of Claims and Parties 236 Necessary and Indispensable Parties 238 Summary and Conclusions 238 5 Evidence 245 The Genesis of Evidence Law 246 Relevance 248 Admissibility 252 Mandated Exclusions of Relevant Material 255 Hearsay 261 Circumstantial Evidence 266 Constitutional Provisions Impacting the Production of Evidence 269 Privileges 275 Attorney-Client 275 Spousal Communications 276 Priest-Penitent 279 Physician-Patient 279 Expert Testimony 283 Eyewitness Testimony 291 Summary and Conclusions 296 6 Criminal Procedure 306 Crime 310 Pre-Arrest Investigations 316 The Exclusionary Rule 317 Unreasonable Searches and Seizures 319 From Arrest to Trial 325 Self Incrimination 325 The Right to Counsel 327 Pre-Trial Procedures 330 Trial 337 Jury Selection 337 Trial Procedure 339 Sentencing 343 Appeals 351 Conclusions 353 III. Lower Courts in the American Legal System 368 7 State Courts 369 The State Courts 372 The Selection of State Court Judges 373 Methods of Selection 374 Elections 375 The Missouri Plan 390 Choosing a Selection System 392 Accessing State Courts 396 Jurisdiction 397 Standing to Sue 405 Summary 416 Caseload 417 State Court Decision Making 417 Federal-State Court Relations 419 Summary and Conclusion 449 8 The U.S. District Courts 474 Origins 481 Growth 482 Appointment Process 483 Jurisdiction 488 Caseload 490 Types of Cases 491 Procedures 494 Decision Making 497 Dispute Resolution 497 Sentencing 502 Conclusion 515 9 The United States Courts of Appeals 535 The U.S. Courts of Appeals 539 Origins 540 Growth 543 Appointment Process 545 Jurisdiction 550 Caseload 551 Numbers 552 Types of Cases 552 Procedures 556 Agenda Setting 558 Oral Argument 560 Opinion Writing 560 En Bancs 562 Decision Making 563 Institutional Constraints 573 Testing for Ideology in Decision Making 577 Conclusion 581 IV. The Supreme Court 611 10 Staffing the Court 612 Presidential Selection 618 Factors Affecting Nomination 620 Senate Confirmation 627 The Case Studies 631 An Aggregate Analysis 645 An Individual-Level Analysis 648 Presidential Influence 658 Summary and Conclusion 665 11 Getting into Court 693 Case Selection 694 Procedure 695 Criteria for Selection 700 Effects of Denial or Dismissal 704 The Supreme Court's Caseload 708 Which Cases for Decision 711 Individual-Level Models 711 Aggregate Level Models 719 Future Changes? 731 Summary and Conclusions 734 12 Supreme Court Decision Making 761 Process 767 Oral Argument 767 The Conference 770 The Majority Opinion 775 The (Final) Vote on the Merits: Legal Approaches 776 Bush v. Gore: Legal Considerations 776 Planned Parenthood v. Casey: The Case for Precedent 782 The Influence of Precedent 790 Crisis Stare Decisis 794 Text and Intent 797 The Decision on The Merits: Extralegal Approaches 798 Bush v. Gore: An Attitudinal Perspective 798 Attitudes 799 Alternative Influences 805 Conclusion 819 13 Opinions and Assignments 850 Voting and Opinion Options 851 Dissenting Opinions 855 Concurring Opinions 856 Frequency of Behavioral Options Exercised by the Justices 858 Opinion Assignment 861 Assignment Patterns 865 Equal Distribution of the Court's Opinions 869 The Effect of Equal Distribution on Ideology 875 Opinion Assignments and Opinion Coalitions 879 The Politics of Coalition Formation 881 Patterns of Interagreement in Special Opinions 884 Who Influences Whom? 890 Summary and Conclusions 895 V. Impact 923 14 The Impact Of Judicial Decisions 924 The Impact of Courts in America 925 A Framework for Understanding Impact 928 Result on the Parties 928 Implementation and Compliance 929 Impact on Society 935 Compliance 937 Interpreting Population 937 Implementing Population 942 Congressional Compliance 946 Presidential Compliance 948 Potential Reasons for Noncompliance 950 Impact 956 Methodological Problems 957 The Courts and Public Opinion 969 Summary and Conclusion 972
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
United States. Supreme Court.
Courts -- United States.
Judicial process -- United States.