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Contents Foreword ix Jean-Pierre Contzen Acknowledgments xi List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii 1. Introduction: The Open-Ended Evolution of the Theory and Practice 1 of Innovation PART I: AN EVOLVING SCENARIO: PORTUGAL IN EUROPE 2. A Dual Society 7 3. Excellence of Research in Portugal 13 4. Characteristics of Innovation in Portugal: The European Context 21 5. The Challenge of Productivity Growth 31 PART II: LEARNING FROM HISTORY 6. Looking at Innovation over Time and Across Space: 45 The Relevance of Technical Change 6.1 The Evidence: The Accelerated Rate of Technical Change in our Times 6.2 Technical Change and Economic Growth: The Need for Inclusive Development 6.3 The Techno-Economic Paradigms Approach 7. Beyond Technical Change: Building Competences and the Emergence of 59 Innovation Studies and Policies 7.1 Building Technical Competences for Knowledge Accumulation 7.2 Learning from Innovation Studies and Policies 8. Engineering Education in Portugal: Still Looking for Diversification 75 9. The System of Science and Technology in Portugal: An Heavy Heritage 91 PART III: BUILDING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 10. The Learning Society: A Framework to Understand the New Demands 101 for Being Innovative 11. Deepening our Understanding of Learning Towards Innovation: 109 Building on the Economics of Knowledge 11.1 Hardware, Software and Wetware: The Ingredients of Economic Growth 11.2 The Use, Diffusion, and Production of Software and Wetware 11.3 Learning Processes and the Accumulation of Knowledge: The Interaction Between Software and Wetware 12. Building on Social Capital 125 12.1 Learning and Social Capital 12.2 Social Capital and Development 12.3 Towards an Operational Conceptualization of Social Capital PART IV: TOWARDS A LEARNING SOCIETY 13. Relying on Science and Technology Policy? 139 13.1 Trends in Industrialized Countries 13.2 Analytical Perspectives on Promoting Technological Innovation and Scientific Progress 13.3 A Closer Look at the Historical Record and the Present Practice of Support to Innovation in the United States 13.4 Concluding: The "Swing of the Pendulum" from Public to Market Support for Science and Technology? 14. Adapting Universities 165 14.1 Fostering Institutional Integrity and a Diversified System of Higher Education 14.2 Rethinking Public Policies and the Institutional Framework 14.3 Promoting Knowledge-Integrated Communities 15. Fostering Systems of Innovation and Competence Building: 181 The Challenges of Inclusiveness 15.1 The Importance of Stimulating Innovation 15.2 The Relevance of Competence Building 15.3 Looking at the Next Generations 15.4 The Need for a Dynamic National Science Base... 15.5 ...But within an European Research Area 15.6 A Policy Exercise: Promoting Innovation for Portugal 16. Summary and Closure 199 References 203 Index 217 About the Authors 221
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Technological innovations -- Economic aspects -- Portugal.
Science and state -- Portugal.
Technical education -- Portugal.
Science -- Study and teaching -- Portugal.