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Table of Contents List of Illustration .xiii Introduction 1 Chronology 13 Letter Presenting the Canzone 21 Canzone 23 Letter to Adriano Carafa (1715) 27 Opinions of the Reviewers (1716) 29 Proemium 31 PART ONE: From Naples to Vienna and Budapest 35 1. Antonio's Pedigrees, Parents, and Fatherland 37 2. The Education of Antonio Carafa 41 3. Life's Trials and Opportunities 45 4. Antonio Serves in Alsace and Hungary, under Montecuccoli 51 (Carafa obtains promotions in Alsace and, then, in Hungary. By his dedication, he advances from one rank to another throughout the military hierarchy.) 5. Antonio Marries Caterina Cardona 55 6. Antonio's Military Experience in Upper Hungary 59 (For what he accomplished in Upper Hungary, he is raised to ever more higher ranks.) 7. The Causes of the War Against Turks and Th"k"ly 65 (A survey is offered on the beginning and the causes of the Turkish-Th"k"lian conflict, its purpose is that of making Carafa's deeds appear more illustrious. Brief narration of Hungary's history.) 8. Vienna's Siege: Lorraine Sends Carafa to Poland for Help 77 (Being away from Vienna, for a special mission in Poland, Carafa organizes a plan to succor the Emperor with the help of the King of Poland.) 9. The Success of Carafa in Upper Hungary 85 (He routs Th"k"ly; shares the opinions of Aeneas Caprara, about the warfare.) 10. The First Siege of Buda: The Vicissitudes of Th"k"ly 101 (Carafa brings help to the troops besieging Buda; cuts off the Turkish aid to Neuhäusel; as in the past he offered assistance for the capture of Eperjes, so now he provides an opportunity for the capture of Kaskow.) 11. The Second Siege of Buda: The Great Christian Victory 109 (Carafa, having stopped Th"k"ly from helping Munk cs, takes Szent-Job, after a bloody battle; builds a bridge over the river Tisza and forces the Turks to move out of the area; slays the defeated Pasha Osman; assists in the capture of Buda; given the superiority of his troops, he accelerates the capitulation of Szeged.) PART TWO: From Budapest to Moh cs and Eger 115 1. The Turks Ask for Peace: Mahmud Agha 117 (At the occasion of the peace asked by the Turks, Carafa vexes Th"k"ly.) 2. Carafa, Mehmet Agha, and Alexander Mavrokord...tos 127 (Carafa is approached by the Turkish ambassadors; replies to Suleiman, the first Vizier, and to Mavrokord...tos de Scarlatti; undermines Th"k"ly's prestige among the Turks.) 3. Carafa, Mehmet Agha, and Leopold I 133 (Carafa converses with Mehmet and explains that Poland and Venice have the right to get involved in the war; advises Caesar not to appease the Turks, unless they first comply with the requests of the allies; explains the reasons of the advantage and the success of an ulterior conflict.) 4. Strategic Proposals: Carafa and the War Council 139 (Carafa proposes to conquer and govern the province of Nagyvar d with his own resources, but his request is denied.) 5. The First Siege of Eger 143 (Carafa suggests that the War Council accept the strategy of an incendiary siege of Eger. This plan is first approved, then delayed, and finally suspended for the time being.) 6. The Conjuration of Eperjes 149 (Carafa represses with force the conjure of Eperjes, in 1684-1687. For that deed, he becomes an object of hate to the Hungarians. He thinks, thus, to return to private life, but, instead, he is created High Commissioner of the Army and Supreme Moderator of Upper Hungary.) 7. Hopes for Peace: Mehmet Agha 157 (Mehmet Agha approaches Carafa, again, on the subject of a peace treaty, but Carafa, with a clear and prudent speech, turned him down.) 8. The Second Battle of Moh cs 163 (The Christian Army seizes the opportunity of a second battle against the Turks, near Moh cs.) 9. Beginning of the Military Sedition: Mehmed IV and Suleiman III 165 (Carafa with his troops set camp around Eger, for the siege. This gives way to a mutiny among the Turks. Mehmed IV is removed; Suleiman is elected Sultan, as Suleiman III.) 10. The Fate of Hungary: Joseph of Habsburg 169 (Carafa asks from the Emperor the permission to resign from the supreme command of the army in Hungary, but he is ordered to stay on. He remains at the service of Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary, and repels the attacks of Th"k"ly, who tries to invade Austrian Hungary.) 11. Carafa's Concerns for Personal Safety and Honor 177 (Carafa asks Leopold I, again, the permission to retire to Spain, but Leopold detained him with the promise of many important assignments. Charles II, King of Spain decorates Carafa with the Collar of the Golden Fleece.) 12. The Second Siege of Eger: The Surrender 181 (Carafa accepts the surrender of the city-fortress of Eger.) PART THREE: From Eger to Transylvania and Belgrade 187 1. Helen Zrínyi: The Surrender of Munk cs 189 2. The Principality of Transylvania 201 (A short information concerning Transylvania, in order to better understand Carafa's deeds.) 3. Caesar Orders Carafa to Subdue Transylvania 207 (Carafa succeeds to Charles of Lorraine, as the Commander of the Armies in Transylvania, and, though respecting the treaties made by Charles, decides to control the invasions of the Tatars, with the cooperation of the Commonwealth of Transylvania and the German Army.) 4. Mih ly Teléki: The Palatine of Transylvania 217 (Mih ly Teléki, the first minister of the Commonwealth of Transylvania, until now a great adversary of Leopold I, changes his opinion and support. Thus, Transylvania donates a great quantity of wheat, which Carafa keeps for the needs of the army. With special dealings and arts, Carafa captivates the favor of the Transylvanians.) 5. Diplomacy in Transylvania 223 (Carafa rejects the decision of the Transylvanians to nominate a new Prince or change the form of government; these changes would violate the treaty that they made with Charles of Lorraine. Under Lorraine's authority, Carafa makes a new treaty with the Transylvanians; the Senate and the people of Transylvania revoke their tribute to the Turks and recognize submission to Leopold I, as their King.) 6. The New Treaty 233 (According to the new treaty of alliance, Carafa establishes German praesidia in the cities of Kóvar, Huszt, G"rg"ni, and Kronstadt, as the most advanced baluards for the security of the province. Having appointed Count Francesco Veterani to the command of the imperial forces, Carafa pacifies the disturbance in Kronstadt and gives audience to an embassy from the Prince of Wallachia.) 7. The Taking of Lippa 237 8. Carafa Becomes Chief Quaestor of All Imperial Armies 241 9. New Campaigns: Temesv r or Belgrade? 249 (Carafa favors the taking of Temesv r by force, but Belgrade is instead selected for the siege.) 10. Rivalry between Leaders: Maximilian and Charles 263 (Carafa, with Aeneas Caprara, organizes the expedition against Belgrade, under the superior command of Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of Bavaria. In battle, Carafa captures Titel; restores the Transylvanian Army and receives a delegation made of Christians from Belgrade; finally, pacifies and composes the contrasts between Maximilian Emmanuel and Charles of Lorraine.) PART FOUR: From Belgrade to Mainz, Bonn, Milan, and Vienna 265 1. The Ottoman Delegation 267 (After the delegation of the Turks is received in Belgrade, Leopold I recalled Carafa to Vienna.) 2. Restructuring the Government of Hungary 271 (Introduced to the State Council, Carafa proposes to Leopold I the reorganization of the Hungarian government, in such a way that Leopold would show his favor for peace and, at the same time, gather the honest fruits of that perennial and expensive war.) 3. An Historical Excursus 277 (Given the information about the situation of the Western and Eastern areas of the Empire, Carafa's arguments for peace and the equity of the conditions for peace offered to the Turks will be properly understood.) 4. Reasons for the Peace With the Turks 287 (Carafa convinces Leopold to embrace peace and, taking over the work done for peace by Charles of Lorraine who is disabled for sickness, with the consent of Venice and the Pope, is sent to Pottendorf to explore what kind of proposals the Turkish delegates have brought.) 5. King James, William of Orange, and the Allies 293 (Carafa establishes the conditions for peace to be offered to the Turks; then, Rüdiger von Starhemberg and Ulrich Kinsky send him to Vienna, to discuss with the Turks the peace treaty. The reasons are given why that was an unsuccessful summit.) 6. Two Strategic Plans: Lorraine and Carafa 303 (Carafa makes the decision on how much help should be sent by the emperor to the war in the region of the Rhine.) 7. The War on the Western Front: The Rhine 309 (As the High Commissary of the army, with the greatest authority, Carafa presents the plans for the war on the Rhine. This plan is at first disapproved, but then it is imposed by the circumstances themselves. Carafa governs over the area of the republic that includes the cities of Mainz and Bonn. Joseph of Austria, son of Leopold I, is made King of the Romans.) 8. The War on the Eastern Front: The Danube 313 (Carafa offers many useful suggestions for the conduct of the war against the Turks; however, these suggestions are not accepted. The enemy inflicts many losses to the German Army: the enemy takes Belgrade; Esseck is almost destroyed; Transylvania faces the same danger.) 9. The Italian Heads of State and the Imperial Agent 319 (Carafa is created Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Roman Empire to the Princes and Republics of Italy. He plans more intense hostilities against France; finds Italy to be the most difficult province of the Empire; orders that some of the small Princes offer hospitality to the army, that others pay tributes to support the troops, as the Republic of Lucca did.) 10. Pope Innocent XII and Count Carafa 327 (Carafa completes the plans for the winter-camps, dealing with the most powerful and the small rulers of Italy, especially the Dukes of Mantua and Parma. Then he convinced Pope Innocent XII that Louis XIV and not Leopold I is the one responsible for the war on the Italian territory.) 11. France and the Imperial Plenipotentiary 333 (Carafa studies the plan of François Rébenac, the French envoy to Italy and the Papal States, to offer the Italian Princes and the Pope support against the Germans. France wants the Germans out of Italy. Then, he explains the right to winter-quarters, the necessity, and the advantages of the war in Italy; finally, requires the due tributes from the Duke of Florence and the Republic of Genoa.) 12. The Demise of Count Antonio Carafa 339 (Carafa succeeds to Maximilian Emmanuel in the command of the German Army; makes the war against France more aggressive. Called back to Vienna by Caesar, Carafa is nominated by the experts for the Chairmanship of the War Council. He must defend himself against the accusations of his detractors and is appointed by Leopold official ambassador of the empire to the Papal States. The mission is, however, delayed. During this waiting period, Carafa's health deteriorated..) 13. A Portrait of Antonio Carafa 343 Notes and Commentary 345 Bibliography 535 General Index 545
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Carafa, Antonio, 1642-1693, Statesmen Europe Biography, Marshals Austria Biography, Europe History 1648-1715