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Contents Preface ix 1 The bacteria: an introduction 1 1.1 What are bacteria? 1 1.2 Why study bacteria? 3 1.3 Classifying and naming bacteria 4 2 The bacterial cell 6 2.1 Shapes, sizes and arrangements of bacterial cells 6 2.2 The bacterial cell: a closer look 10 2.3 Trichomes and coenocytic bacteria 43 3 Growth and reproduction 44 3.1 Conditions for growth 44 3.2 Growth in asingle cell 49 3.3 Growth in bacterial populations 61 3.4 Diauxic growth 67 3.5 Measuring growth 68 4 DiVerentiation 69 4.1 The life-cycle of Caulobacter 69 4.2 Swarming 72 4.3 Resting cells 73 4.4 Akinetes, heterocysts, hormogonia77 5 Metabolism I: energy 81 5.1 Energy metabolism in chemotrophs 83 5.2 Energy metabolism in phototrophs 96 5.3 Other topics in energy metabolism 99 5.4 Transport systems 102 6 Metabolism II: carbon 117 6.1 Carbon assimilation in autotrophs 118 6.2 Carbon assimilation in heterotrophs 119 6.3 Synthesis, interconversion and polymerization of carbon compounds 122 6.4 Methylotrophy in bacteria 126 7 Molecular biology I: genes and gene expression 128 7.1 Chromosomes and plasmids 128 7.2 Nucleic acids: structure 131 7.3 DNA replication 138 7.4 DNA modiWcation and restriction 145 7.5 RNA synthesis: transcription 147 7.6 Proteins: synthesis and other aspects 149 7.7 DNA monitoring and repair 160 7.8 Regulation of gene expression 163 7.9 RNA 188 8 Molecular biology II: changing the message 191 8.1 Mutation 191 8.2 Recombination 196 8.3 Transposition 199 8.4 Gene transfer 205 8.5 Genetic engineering/recombinant DNA technology 213 9 Bacteriophages 278 9.1 Virulent phages: the lytic cycle 280 9.2 Temperate phages: lysogeny 288 9.3 Androphages 291 9.4 Phage conversion 291 9.5 Transduction 292 9.6 How does phage DNA escape restriction in the host bacterium? 293 10 Bacteria in the living world 295 10.1 Microbial communities 295 10.2 Saprotrophs, predators, parasites, symbionts 300 10.3 Bacteria and the cycles of matter 302 10.4 Ice-nucleation bacteria 310 10.5 Bacteriology in situ - fact or Wction? 310 10.6 The greenhouse eVect 312 10.7 Recombinant bacteria in the environment 313 10.8 Uncultivable/uncultured bacteria 313 11 Bacteria in medicine 000 11.1 Bacteria as pathogens 269 11.2 The routes of infection 271 11.3 Pathogenesis 281 11.4 The body's defences 289 11.5 The pathogen: virulence factors 303 11.6 Pathogen-host interactions: a new perspective 313 11.7 The transmission of disease 314 11.8 Laboratory detection and characterization of pathogens 315 11.9 Prevention and control of transmissible diseases 321 11.10 Some notes on chemotherapy 322 11.11 Some bacterial diseases 323 12 Applied bacteriology I: food 329 12.1 Bacteria in the food industry 329 12.2 Food preservation 331 12.3 Food poisoning and food hygiene 336 13 Applied bacteriology II: miscellaneous aspects 343 13.1 Feeding animals, protecting plants 343 13.2 Biomining (bioleaching) 345 13.3 Biological washing powders 346 13.4 Sewage treatment 346 13.5 Water supplies 351 13.6 Putting pathogens to work 358 13.7 Plastics from bacteria: 'Biopol' 358 13.8 Bioremediation 359 13.9 Biomimetic technology 000 14 Some practical bacteriology 360 14.1 Safety in the laboratory 360 14.2 Bacteriological media 360 14.3 Aseptic technique 365 14.4 The tools of the bacteriologist 367 14.5 Methods of inoculation 368 14.6 Preparing a pure culture from a mixture of organisms 370 14.7 Anaerobic incubation 373 14.8 Counting bacteria 374 14.9 Staining 377 14.10 Microscopy 379 CONTENTS vii 15 Man against bacteria 384 15.1 Sterilization 384 15.2 Disinfection 388 15.3 Antisepsis 390 15.4 Antibiotics 391 16 The identiWcation and classiWcation of bacteria 414 16.1 IdentiWcation 414 16.2 The classiWcation (taxonomy) of prokaryotes 431 Appendix Minidescriptions of some genera, families, orders and other categories of bacteria 444 Index 455
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Bacteria.
Medical bacteriology.
Industrial microbiology.
Bacteria.
Industrial Microbiology.